Word Studies¶
thronos (G2362) -- Throne¶
Original: θρόνος Transliteration: thrónos Definition: From θράω thráō (to sit); a stately seat ("throne"); by implication, power or authority Part of Speech: Masculine noun Occurrences: 61 in NT
Translations¶
| Translation | Count | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| throne | 47 | 77.0% |
| thrones | 4 | 6.6% |
| seats | 3 | 4.9% |
| seat | 3 | 4.9% |
| the throne | 2 | 3.3% |
| a throne | 1 | 1.6% |
Key Verses in Revelation¶
The word thronos occurs more frequently in Revelation than in any other NT book -- at least 40 of the 61 NT occurrences. Key distribution: - Rev 4-5 (throne room vision): 4:2,3,4(2x),5(2x),6(3x),9,10(2x); 5:1,6,7,11,13 -- approximately 18 occurrences - Rev 7 (great multitude): 7:9,10,11(2x),15(2x),17 -- 7 occurrences - Rev 20:4 -- "I saw thrones, and they sat upon them, and judgment was given unto them" (saints' judgment thrones) - Rev 20:11 -- "I saw a great white throne" (θρόνον μέγαν λευκὸν) - Rev 22:3 -- "the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it"
Daniel 7 Connection¶
Dan 7:9 Aramaic כָרְסָוָן (karsavan, "thrones," plural) parallels Rev 20:4 (thrones for saints) and Rev 20:11 (the great white throne). The Ancient of Days' throne is "like the fiery flame" (Dan 7:9); the great white throne is "white" (leukos, Rev 20:11). Both are judgment thrones where books are opened.
thanatos (G2288) -- Death¶
Original: θάνατος Transliteration: thánatos Definition: Death (literally or figuratively) Part of Speech: Masculine noun Occurrences: 119 total (97 in Strong's translation DB)
Translations¶
| Translation | Count | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| death | 55 | 56.7% |
| of death | 26 | 26.8% |
| the death | 5 | 5.2% |
| to death | 3 | 3.1% |
| deadly | 2 | 2.1% |
| Other forms | 6 | 6.2% |
All Revelation Occurrences (19 times)¶
| Verse | Context |
|---|---|
| Rev 1:18 | "have the keys of hell and of death" |
| Rev 2:10 | "be thou faithful unto death" (first death) |
| Rev 2:11 | "shall not be hurt of the second death" |
| Rev 2:23 | "I will kill her children with death" |
| Rev 6:8 | "his name that sat on him was Death" (personified) |
| Rev 6:8 | "to kill with sword, and with hunger, and with death" |
| Rev 9:6 | "shall seek death, and shall not find it" (2x) |
| Rev 12:11 | "loved not their lives unto the death" |
| Rev 13:3 | "as it were wounded to death" |
| Rev 13:12 | "whose deadly [death] wound was healed" |
| Rev 18:8 | "her plagues come in one day, death" |
| Rev 20:6 | "the second death hath no power" |
| Rev 20:13 | "death and hell delivered up the dead" (personified) |
| Rev 20:14 | "death and hell were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death" (2x -- personified + identifier) |
| Rev 21:4 | "there shall be no more death" |
| Rev 21:8 | "which is the second death" |
"Second Death" Formula¶
All four "second death" occurrences use the construction θάνατος + δεύτερος: - Rev 2:11: τοῦ θανάτου τοῦ δευτέρου (genitive -- "of/from the second death") - Rev 20:6: ὁ δεύτερος θάνατος (nominative -- "the second death has no power") - Rev 20:14: ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος (nominative -- "This is the second death") - Rev 21:8: ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος (nominative -- "which is the second death")
The text's own vocabulary for the lake of fire is DEATH (thanatos), not TORMENT (basanizo). The torment formula (Rev 20:10) applies to the devil/beast/false prophet (non-human/symbolic entities).
limne (G3041) -- Lake¶
Original: λίμνη Transliteration: límnē Definition: Probably from limen (shore); a pond (large or small) Part of Speech: Feminine noun Occurrences: 10 in NT
Translations¶
| Translation | Count | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| lake | 10 | 100% |
All Occurrences¶
| Verse | Context |
|---|---|
| Luke 5:1 | "standing by the lake of Gennesaret" (literal) |
| Luke 5:2 | "two ships standing by the lake" (literal) |
| Luke 8:22 | "Let us go over unto the other side of the lake" (literal) |
| Luke 8:23 | "there came down a storm of wind on the lake" (literal) |
| Luke 8:33 | "ran violently down a steep place into the lake" (literal) |
| Rev 19:20 | "cast alive into a lake of fire burning with brimstone" |
| Rev 20:10 | "cast into the lake of fire and brimstone" |
| Rev 20:14 | "death and hell were cast into the lake of fire" |
| Rev 20:15 | "was cast into the lake of fire" |
| Rev 21:8 | "their part in the lake which burneth with fire" |
Distribution Significance¶
- 5 occurrences in Luke (literal lake/Sea of Galilee)
- 5 occurrences in Revelation (lake of fire)
- "Lake of fire" (limne tou puros) is unique to Revelation -- no OT, no Gospels, no Epistles
- The concept is John's distinctive apocalyptic image
biblos (G976) / biblion (G975) -- Book¶
Original: βίβλος / βιβλίον Transliteration: bíblos / biblíon
G976 biblos -- "Book" (papyrus inner bark, hence scroll/codex)¶
- Occurrences: 13
- Key uses: Matt 1:1 (book of genealogy); Phil 4:3 (book of life); Rev 3:5 (book of life); Rev 20:15 (book of life)
G975 biblion -- "Book/Scroll" (diminutive of biblos)¶
- Occurrences: 32
- Key uses: Rev 13:8 (book of life); Rev 17:8 (book of life); Rev 20:12 (books opened; book of life); Rev 21:27 (Lamb's book of life)
Two Categories of Books in Rev 20:12¶
The verse distinguishes: 1. βιβλία (biblia, G975 plural) -- "books were opened" -- the judicial RECORDS of deeds 2. ἄλλο βιβλίον (allo biblion, G975 singular) -- "another book was opened, which is [the book] of life" -- the BOOK OF LIFE
In Rev 20:15, the "book of life" switches to βίβλῳ (biblo, G976) -- "if anyone was not found written in the BOOK of life." This may reflect the distinction between the record-scrolls (biblia) and the enrollment register (biblos).
The "Blotting Out" Motif¶
- Exo 32:33: "Whosoever hath sinned against me, him will I blot out of my book"
- Psa 69:28: "Let them be blotted out of the book of the living"
- Rev 3:5: "I will NOT blot out his name out of the book of life" (overcomer promise)
- This implies names CAN be blotted out -- the book of life is the DOA determination of whose sins are covered
adikeo (G91) -- To Wrong/Harm/Hurt¶
Original: ἀδικέω Transliteration: adikéō Definition: From adikos; to be unjust; actively, do wrong (morally, socially, or physically) Part of Speech: Verb Occurrences: 28 in NT
Translations¶
| Translation | Count | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| hurt | 4 | 11.4% |
| wrong | 3 | 8.6% |
| to hurt | 2 | 5.7% |
| Other forms | 26 | 74.3% |
Key Usage in Revelation¶
- Rev 2:11 -- Ὁ νικῶν οὐ μὴ ἀδικηθῇ ἐκ τοῦ θανάτου τοῦ δευτέρου -- "He that overcometh shall absolutely not be harmed by the second death"
- Rev 6:6 -- "Hurt not the oil and the wine"
- Rev 7:2 -- "Hurt not the earth"
- Rev 9:4 -- "should not hurt the grass"
- Rev 9:10,19 -- "their power was to hurt men"
- Rev 11:5 -- "if any man will hurt them"
- Rev 22:11 -- "He that is unjust [adikeo], let him be unjust still"
Significance for Rev 2:11¶
The double negative οὐ μὴ with the aorist passive subjunctive (ἀδικηθῇ) is the strongest possible negation in Greek -- "will absolutely/certainly not be harmed." The verb adikeo means "to harm/injure/wrong" -- it is NOT a death verb. The second death CAN harm (adikeo), but overcomers receive absolute protection from it.
exousia (G1849) -- Authority/Power¶
Original: ἐξουσία Transliteration: exousía Definition: Privilege; subjectively force, capacity, competency, freedom; objectively mastery, authority Part of Speech: Feminine noun Occurrences: 103 in NT
Key Usage¶
- Rev 20:6 -- "on such the second death hath no power [exousia]"
- Rev 6:8 -- Death and Hell given "power [exousia] over the fourth part of the earth"
- Rev 13:2 -- the dragon gave the beast "his power [exousia]"
- 1 Cor 15:24 -- "when he shall have put down all rule and all authority [exousia] and power"
Significance for Rev 20:6¶
Exousia is AUTHORITY/JURISDICTION language, not mere "power" in the sense of ability. The second death has no JURISDICTION over first resurrection participants. This is legal language -- the second death's authority does not extend to those in the book of life.
katargeo (G2673) -- To Abolish/Destroy/Render Idle¶
Original: καταργέω Transliteration: katargéō Definition: From kata + argeo; to render entirely idle/useless; to abolish, destroy Part of Speech: Verb Occurrences: 27 in NT
Translations¶
| Translation | Count | Notable |
|---|---|---|
| shall destroy | 2 | including 1 Cor 15:24 |
| shall be destroyed | 1 | 1 Cor 15:26 |
| hath abolished | 1 | 2 Tim 1:10 |
| he might destroy | 1 | Heb 2:14 |
| Other | 22 | done away, loosed, put down, etc. |
Key Verses¶
- 1 Cor 15:24 -- "when he shall have put down [katargeo] all rule and all authority and power"
- 1 Cor 15:26 -- "The last enemy [that] shall be destroyed [katargeo] is death"
- 2 Tim 1:10 -- "who hath abolished [katargeo] death"
- Heb 2:14 -- "that through death he might destroy [katargeo] him that had the power of death, that is, the devil"
Significance¶
The same word (katargeo) is used for: 1. The destruction of DEATH (1 Cor 15:26) -- fulfilled in Rev 20:14 (death cast into lake) 2. The abolition of DEATH by Christ (2 Tim 1:10) -- the process completed in Rev 21:4 3. The destruction of the DEVIL (Heb 2:14) -- fulfilled in Rev 20:10 (devil cast into lake) Both death and the devil are subjected to katargeo, and both are cast into the lake of fire in Rev 20.
krisis (G2920) -- Judgment/Decision¶
Original: κρίσις Transliteration: krísis Definition: Decision (subjectively or objectively, for or against); by extension, a tribunal; by implication, justice Part of Speech: Feminine noun Occurrences: 48 in NT
Translations¶
| Translation | Count | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| judgment | 18 | 52.9% |
| of judgment | 8 | 23.5% |
| damnation | 2 | 5.9% |
| the judgment | 2 | 5.9% |
| accusation | 2 | 5.9% |
| judgments | 2 | 5.9% |
LXX Connection to Dan 7:10¶
G2920 krisis is the LXX translation of Aramaic דִּין (diyn, H1780) in Daniel 7:10,26. - Dan 7:10: דִּינָא יְתִב "the judgment/court took its seat" -> LXX: κρίσις -> Rev 14:7: ἡ ὥρα τῆς κρίσεως αὐτοῦ "the hour of his judgment has come" - This linguistic chain (Aramaic diyn -> LXX krisis -> NT krisis) demonstrates that Revelation consciously connects its judgment vocabulary to Daniel 7.
Revelation Occurrences¶
- Rev 14:7 -- "the hour of his judgment [krisis] is come" (the judgment announcement)
- Rev 16:7 -- "true and righteous are thy judgments [krisis]"
- Rev 18:10 -- "in one hour is thy judgment [krisis] come"
- Rev 19:2 -- "true and righteous are his judgments [krisis]"
krima (G2917) -- Verdict/Judgment¶
Original: κρίμα Transliteration: kríma Definition: A decision; the function or the effect, for or against Part of Speech: Neuter noun Occurrences: 28 in NT
Key Usage¶
- Rev 20:4 -- "judgment [krima] was given [edothe] unto them" -- the saints receive the VERDICT/JUDGMENT function during the millennium (Phase B review)
- Rev 17:1 -- "the judgment of the great whore"
- Rev 18:20 -- "God hath avenged you; your judgment [krima] upon her" (lit. "your verdict against her")
hades (G86) -- Hades/Grave/Unseen World¶
Original: ᾅδης Transliteration: háidēs Definition: From a (negative) + eido; properly, unseen; "Hades" -- the place/state of departed souls Part of Speech: Proper locative noun Occurrences: 11 in NT
Translations¶
| Translation | Count | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| hell | 7 | 63.6% |
| of hell | 2 | 18.2% |
| O grave | 1 | 9.1% |
| Hell | 1 | 9.1% |
Key Occurrences¶
- Rev 1:18 -- "have the keys of hell [hades] and of death [thanatos]"
- Rev 6:8 -- "Death, and Hell [hades] followed with him"
- Rev 20:13 -- "death [thanatos] and hell [hades] delivered up the dead"
- Rev 20:14 -- "death [thanatos] and hell [hades] were cast into the lake of fire"
- 1 Cor 15:55 -- "O grave [hades], where is thy victory?"
Significance: Death-Hades Pair¶
In Revelation, thanatos and hades always appear TOGETHER as a pair (Rev 1:18; 6:8; 20:13; 20:14). They represent the CONDITION (death) and the REALM (hades/grave) that hold the dead. When both are cast into the lake of fire (Rev 20:14), the condition-and-realm of death is itself destroyed -- fulfilled in Rev 21:4 ("no more death") and anticipated in 1 Cor 15:26 ("the last enemy destroyed is death").
pur (G4442) -- Fire¶
Original: πῦρ Transliteration: pŷr Definition: A primary word; "fire" (literally or figuratively) Part of Speech: Neuter noun Occurrences: 74 in NT
Revelation Occurrences (25 times)¶
Fire appears extensively throughout Revelation: Rev 1:14; 2:18; 3:18; 4:5; 8:5,7,8; 9:17,18; 10:1; 11:5; 13:13; 14:10,18; 15:2; 16:8; 17:16; 18:8; 19:12,20; 20:9,10,14,15; 21:8
Key fire-judgment connections: - Rev 20:9 -- "fire came down from God out of heaven" (katebe pur ek tou ouranou) -- echoes Eze 38:22; 39:6; Gen 19:24 - Rev 20:10,14,15; 21:8 -- "lake of fire" (limne tou puros) -- the final destiny
Dan 7:9-10 Connection¶
Dan 7:9: "his throne was like the fiery flame" (shbibin di-nur, "flames of fire"); "his wheels as burning fire" (nur daliq) Dan 7:10: "a fiery stream" (nehar di-nur, "river of fire") issued from before him The fire motif in Daniel 7 (theophanic fire of judgment) is distributed through Revelation: Rev 4:5 (fire before the throne), Rev 14:10 (fire of judgment), Rev 20:9 (fire from heaven), Rev 20:14 (lake of fire).
Gog (G1136) and Magog (G3098)¶
Original: Γώγ / Μαγώγ Transliteration: Gṓg / Magṓg Definition: Gog -- of Hebrew origin; a symbolic name. Magog -- of Hebrew origin; a foreign nation (figuratively). Occurrences: 1 each in NT (Rev 20:8)
OT Background¶
- Gen 10:2 -- Magog = son of Japheth, grandson of Noah (alongside Gomer, Tubal, Meshech)
- Ezekiel 38-39 -- Gog = ruler "of the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal"; leads coalition against restored Israel; destroyed by fire and brimstone from heaven (Eze 38:22; 39:6)
- 1 Chr 5:4 -- an unrelated "Gog" in a Reubenite genealogy
NT Usage (Rev 20:8)¶
"Gog AND Magog" is a PAIRED NAME in apposition to "the nations which are in the four quarters of the earth." John transforms Ezekiel's ruler-and-territory ("Gog, THE LAND OF Magog") into a collective designation for the final global rebellion.
diyn (H1780) -- Judgment (Aramaic)¶
Original: דִּין Transliteration: dîyn Definition: (Aramaic) corresponding to Hebrew din -- judgment Part of Speech: Masculine noun Occurrences: 5 in OT (all Aramaic sections)
All Occurrences¶
| Verse | Form | Context |
|---|---|---|
| Dan 4:34 | דִּין (absolute) | justice (of God's ways) |
| Ezra 7:26 | דִּינָה (emphatic + prep) | "judgment be executed upon him" |
| Dan 7:10 | דִּינָא (emphatic) | "the court/judgment took its seat" |
| Dan 7:22 | דִּין (absolute, text disputed) | "judgment was given to the saints" |
| Dan 7:26 | דִּינָא (emphatic) | "the judgment shall sit" |
Significance¶
The emphatic form דִּינָא (dina) in Dan 7:10 means "THE court/judgment." The phrase דִּינָא יְתִב (dina yetib) = "the court took its seat" -- a formal judicial proceeding. This is the Aramaic source that the LXX translates with krisis (G2920), which Revelation uses in Rev 14:7 for "the hour of his judgment is come." The books opened in Dan 7:10 (סִפְרִין פְּתִיחוּ, siphrin pethichu) directly parallel Rev 20:12 (βιβλία ἠνοίχθησαν, biblia enoichthesan).