Hebrew Parsing Data¶
Genesis 1:14¶
Full Hebrew: וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֗ים יְהִ֤י מְאֹרֹת֙ בִּרְקִ֣יעַ הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם לְהַבְדִּ֕יל בֵּ֥ין הַיֹּ֖ום וּבֵ֣ין הַלָּ֑יְלָה וְהָי֤וּ לְאֹתֹת֙ וּלְמֹ֣ועֲדִ֔ים וּלְיָמִ֖ים וְשָׁנִֽים׃
| Hebrew | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| וַיֹּ֣אמֶר | אמר | Verb.Qal.Wayq.3ms | say |
| אֱלֹהִ֗ים | אלהים | Noun.mp.Abs | god(s) |
| יְהִ֤י | היה | Verb.Qal.Impf.3ms | be |
| מְאֹרֹת֙ | מאור | Noun.mp.Abs | lamp |
| בִּרְקִ֣יעַ | ב + רקיע | Prep + Noun.ms.Cst | in + firmament |
| הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם | ה + שׁמים | Art + Noun.mp.Abs | the + heavens |
| לְהַבְדִּ֕יל | ל + בדל | Prep + Verb.Hiphil.InfCon | to + separate |
| בֵּ֥ין | בין | Noun.ms.Cst | interval |
| הַיֹּ֖ום | ה + יום | Art + Noun.ms.Abs | the + day |
| וּבֵ֣ין | ו + בין | Conj + Noun.ms.Cst | and + interval |
| הַלָּ֑יְלָה | ה + לילה | Art + Noun.ms.Abs | the + night |
| וְהָי֤וּ | ו + היה | Conj + Verb.Qal.Perf.3p | and + be |
| לְאֹתֹת֙ | ל + אות | Prep + Noun.fp.Abs | to/for + signs |
| וּלְמֹ֣ועֲדִ֔ים | ו + ל + מועד | Conj + Prep + Noun.mp.Abs | and + to/for + appointments |
| וּלְיָמִ֖ים | ו + ל + יום | Conj + Prep + Noun.mp.Abs | and + to/for + days |
| וְשָׁנִֽים | ו + שׁנה | Conj + Noun.fp.Abs | and + years |
Key Grammatical Observations: 1. The four purposes of the luminaries are introduced by the prepositional lamed (ל) = "for/to": - לְאֹתֹת (le-othoth) = for signs - וּלְמֹ֣ועֲדִ֔ים (u-le-mo'adim) = and for appointed times - וּלְיָמִ֖ים (u-le-yamim) = and for days - וְשָׁנִֽים (ve-shanim) = and years 2. The word מועד (moed, "appointment") is used -- NOT שׁבת (shabbat, "sabbath"). 3. The four items listed are: signs, appointed times (festivals), days, years. The weekly sabbath is absent. 4. The luminaries are given purpose to separate (הבדיל, Hiphil of בדל) between day and night.
Genesis 2:2¶
Full Hebrew: וַיְכַ֤ל אֱלֹהִים֙ בַּיֹּ֣ום הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י מְלַאכְתֹּ֖ו אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֑ה וַיִּשְׁבֹּת֙ בַּיֹּ֣ום הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י מִכָּל־מְלַאכְתֹּ֖ו אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָֽׂה׃
| Hebrew | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| וַיְכַ֤ל | כלה | Verb.Piel.Wayq.3ms | be complete (finished) |
| אֱלֹהִים֙ | אלהים | Noun.mp.Abs | god(s) |
| בַּיֹּ֣ום הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י | ב + ה + יום + ה + שׁביעי | Prep + Art + Noun + Art + Adj.ms | on the day the seventh |
| מְלַאכְתֹּ֖ו | מלאכת | Noun.fs.Abs.+3ms | his work |
| אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֑ה | אשׁר + עשׂה | Conj + Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms | which he made |
| וַיִּשְׁבֹּת֙ | שׁבת | Verb.Qal.Wayq.3ms | cease |
| בַּיֹּ֣ום הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י | ב + ה + יום + ה + שׁביעי | Prep + Art + Noun + Art + Adj.ms | on the day the seventh |
| מִכָּל־מְלַאכְתֹּ֖ו | מן + כל + מלאכת | Prep + Noun.ms.Cst + Noun.fs.+3ms | from all his work |
| אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָֽׂה | אשׁר + עשׂה | Conj + Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms | which he made |
Key Grammatical Observations: 1. וַיִּשְׁבֹּת (vayyishbot) -- The verb שׁבת (shabat) in Qal Wayyiqtol 3ms = "and he ceased/rested." This is the verb root (H7673) behind the noun שַׁבָּת (shabbat, H7676). 2. The verb is purely about cessation from activity. No lunar reference. 3. "The seventh day" (הַיֹּ֣ום הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י) uses the ordinal שְׁבִיעִי (shevi'i, H7637) -- "seventh." The sabbath is connected to the number seven, not to a lunar date. 4. God's three acts regarding the seventh day span vv. 2-3: He finished (כלה), He ceased (שׁבת), He blessed (ברך), He sanctified (קדשׁ).
Genesis 2:3¶
Full Hebrew: וַיְבָ֤רֶךְ אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶת־יֹ֣ום הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י וַיְקַדֵּ֖שׁ אֹתֹ֑ו כִּ֣י בֹ֤ו שָׁבַת֙ מִכָּל־מְלַאכְתֹּ֔ו אֲשֶׁר־בָּרָ֥א אֱלֹהִ֖ים לַעֲשֹֽׂות׃
| Hebrew | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| וַיְבָ֤רֶךְ | ברך | Verb.Piel.Wayq.3ms | bless |
| אֱלֹהִים֙ | אלהים | Noun.mp.Abs | god(s) |
| אֶת־יֹ֣ום הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י | את + יום + ה + שׁביעי | ObjMarker + Noun.ms.Cst + Art + Adj.ms | [obj] the seventh day |
| וַיְקַדֵּ֖שׁ | קדשׁ | Verb.Piel.Wayq.3ms | be holy (= sanctify, make holy) |
| אֹתֹ֑ו | את | Prep.+3ms | it |
| כִּ֣י בֹ֤ו שָׁבַת֙ | כי + ב + שׁבת | Conj + Prep.+3ms + Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms | because in it he ceased |
| מִכָּל־מְלַאכְתֹּ֔ו | מן + כל + מלאכת | Prep + Noun.ms.Cst + Noun.fs.+3ms | from all his work |
| אֲשֶׁר־בָּרָ֥א אֱלֹהִ֖ים לַעֲשֹֽׂות | אשׁר + ברא + אלהים + ל + עשׂה | Conj + V.Qal.3ms + N + Prep + V.Qal.InfCon | which God created to make |
Key Grammatical Observations: 1. Three divine acts: blessed (ברך Piel), sanctified (קדשׁ Piel), ceased (שׁבת Qal). 2. Both ברך and קדשׁ are Piel (intensive) stems -- God actively and intensively blessed and set apart the seventh day. 3. כִּ֣י (ki, "because") introduces the reason for the blessing and sanctification: "because in it he ceased." 4. The noun שַׁבָּת (shabbat) derives from this verb שׁבת (shabat) meaning "to cease." The institution is defined by cessation, not by lunar observation.
Leviticus 23:38¶
Full Hebrew: מִלְּבַ֖ד שַׁבְּתֹ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה וּמִלְּבַ֣ד מַתְּנֹֽותֵיכֶ֗ם וּמִלְּבַ֤ד כָּל־נִדְרֵיכֶם֙ וּמִלְּבַד֙ כָּל־נִדְבֹ֣ותֵיכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר תִּתְּנ֖וּ לַיהוָֽה׃
| Hebrew | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| מִלְּבַ֖ד | מן + ל + בד | Prep + Prep + Noun.ms.Cst | apart from, besides |
| שַׁבְּתֹ֣ת | שׁבת | Noun.fp.Cst | sabbaths of |
| יְהוָ֑ה | יהוה | PropN.ms.Abs | YHWH |
| וּמִלְּבַ֣ד | ו + מן + ל + בד | Conj + Prep + Prep + Noun.ms.Cst | and apart from |
| מַתְּנֹֽותֵיכֶ֗ם | מתנה | Noun.fp.Abs.+2mp | your presents/gifts |
| וּמִלְּבַ֤ד | ו + מן + ל + בד | Conj + Prep + Prep + Noun.ms.Cst | and apart from |
| כָּל־נִדְרֵיכֶם֙ | כל + נדר | Noun.ms.Cst + Noun.mp.Abs.+2mp | all your vows |
| וּמִלְּבַד֙ | ו + מן + ל + בד | Conj + Prep + Prep + Noun.ms.Cst | and apart from |
| כָּל־נִדְבֹ֣ותֵיכֶ֔ם | כל + נדבה | Noun.ms.Cst + Noun.fp.Abs.+2mp | all your freewill offerings |
| אֲשֶׁ֥ר תִּתְּנ֖וּ לַיהוָֽה | אשׁר + נתן + ל + יהוה | Conj + V.Qal.Impf.2mp + Prep + PropN | which you give to YHWH |
Key Grammatical Observations: 1. millibad (מִלְּבַד) = compound preposition from מן (min, "from") + ל (le, "to") + בד (bad, "part, separation"). Meaning: "apart from, besides, separate from." 2. This word appears FOUR TIMES in this single verse, creating an emphatic separation list: - מִלְּבַד שַׁבְּתֹ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה = apart from the sabbaths of YHWH - וּמִלְּבַד מַתְּנֹֽותֵיכֶ֗ם = and apart from your gifts - וּמִלְּבַד כָּל־נִדְרֵיכֶם = and apart from all your vows - וּמִלְּבַד כָּל־נִדְבֹ֣ותֵיכֶ֔ם = and apart from all your freewill offerings 3. Context: v.37 summarizes the annual feasts (moadim) just described. v.38 then says these feasts are besides/apart from the sabbaths of YHWH (and other personal offerings). 4. The noun שַׁבְּתֹ֣ת (shabbetot) is the feminine plural construct of שׁבת (shabbat), meaning "sabbaths of [YHWH]." 5. This is the clearest grammatical proof that the annual feasts and the weekly sabbaths are separate categories.
Psalm 104:19¶
Full Hebrew: עָשָׂ֣ה יָ֭רֵחַ לְמֹועֲדִ֑ים שֶׁ֝֗מֶשׁ יָדַ֥ע מְבֹואֹֽו׃
| Hebrew | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| עָשָׂ֣ה | עשׂה | Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms | make |
| יָ֭רֵחַ | ירח | Noun.ms.Abs | moon |
| לְמֹועֲדִ֑ים | ל + מועד | Prep + Noun.mp.Abs | for appointments |
| שֶׁ֝֗מֶשׁ | שׁמשׁ | Noun.s.Abs | sun |
| יָדַ֥ע | ידע | Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms | know |
| מְבֹואֹֽו | מבוא | Noun.ms.Abs.+3ms | its setting/entrance |
Key Grammatical Observations: 1. The subject is יָרֵחַ (yareach, H3394) = "moon" and the purpose is לְמֹועֲדִים (le-mo'adim) = "for appointed times/festivals" (H4150). 2. The lamed preposition (ל) indicates purpose: the moon was made for the moadim. 3. The word used is מועד (moed), NOT שׁבת (shabbat). The moon governs moadim (appointed festivals), not sabbaths. 4. This is a simple two-line Hebrew parallelism: - A: He made the moon for moadim - B: The sun knows its going down 5. If the sabbath were governed by the moon, we would expect שׁבתות (shabbatot) to appear here. Its absence is significant.
Ezekiel 46:1¶
Full Hebrew: כֹּֽה־אָמַר֮ אֲדֹנָ֣י יְהוִה֒ שַׁ֜עַר הֶחָצֵ֤ר הַפְּנִימִית֙ הַפֹּנֶ֣ה קָדִ֔ים יִהְיֶ֣ה סָג֔וּר שֵׁ֖שֶׁת יְמֵ֣י הַֽמַּעֲשֶׂ֑ה וּבְיֹ֤ום הַשַּׁבָּת֙ יִפָּתֵ֔חַ וּבְיֹ֥ום הַחֹ֖דֶשׁ יִפָּתֵֽחַ׃
| Hebrew | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| כֹּֽה־אָמַר | כה + אמר | Adv + Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms | thus says |
| אֲדֹנָ֣י יְהוִה֒ | אדני + יהוה | PropN + PropN | Lord YHWH |
| שַׁ֜עַר | שׁער | Noun.ms.Cst | gate of |
| הֶחָצֵ֤ר הַפְּנִימִית֙ | ה + חצר + ה + פנימי | Art + Noun + Art + Adj.fs | the inner court |
| הַפֹּנֶ֣ה קָדִ֔ים | ה + פנה + קדים | Art + V.Qal.Ptcp + Noun | the one facing east |
| יִהְיֶ֣ה סָג֔וּר | היה + סגר | V.Qal.Impf.3ms + V.Qal.Ptcp.ms | shall be shut |
| שֵׁ֖שֶׁת יְמֵ֣י הַֽמַּעֲשֶׂ֑ה | שׁשׁ + יום + ה + מעשׂה | Noun.fs.Cst + Noun.mp.Cst + Art + Noun.ms | six days of the work |
| וּבְיֹ֤ום הַשַּׁבָּת֙ | ו + ב + יום + ה + שׁבת | Conj + Prep + Noun.ms.Cst + Art + Noun.s | and on the day of the sabbath |
| יִפָּתֵ֔חַ | פתח | Verb.Niphal.Impf.3ms | it shall be opened |
| וּבְיֹ֥ום הַחֹ֖דֶשׁ | ו + ב + יום + ה + חדשׁ | Conj + Prep + Noun.ms.Cst + Art + Noun.ms | and on the day of the new moon |
| יִפָּתֵֽחַ | פתח | Verb.Niphal.Impf.3ms | it shall be opened |
Key Grammatical Observations: 1. Three time categories with identical grammatical structure: - שֵׁ֖שֶׁת יְמֵ֣י הַֽמַּעֲשֶׂ֑ה (sheshet yemei hamma'aseh) = "six working days" → gate SHUT - וּבְיֹ֤ום הַשַּׁבָּת֙ (u-beyom hashabbat) = "and on the day of the sabbath" → gate OPENED - וּבְיֹ֥ום הַחֹ֖דֶשׁ (u-beyom hachodesh) = "and on the day of the new moon" → gate OPENED 2. The sabbath and new moon are introduced with identical syntactic construction: ו + ב + יום + ה + noun. This parallel construction makes them coordinate but distinct -- two different occasions receiving the same treatment (gate opening), but listed as separate items. 3. The verb יִפָּתֵחַ (yippatreach, Niphal imperfect 3ms of פתח) = "it shall be opened" -- passive construction, same verb for both sabbath and new moon. 4. If the sabbath WERE determined by the new moon, there would be no need to list them separately -- they would be a single category.