Verses¶
Question¶
What do entole, nomos, dogma, cheirographon, and dikaioma reveal about law categories in the NT?
A. Entole (G1785) Passages -- All NT Occurrences¶
A1. Entole for Decalogue / Moral Commands¶
Matthew 5:19 -- Jesus on commandments
Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments [G1785], and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least in the kingdom of heaven: but whosoever shall do and teach [them], the same shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
Matthew 15:3 -- God's commandment vs. tradition
But he answered and said unto them, Why do ye also transgress the commandment [G1785] of God by your tradition?
Matthew 15:6 -- Commandment made void
And honour not his father or his mother, [he shall be free]. Thus have ye made the commandment [G1785] of God of none effect by your tradition.
Matthew 19:17-19 -- Keep the commandments = Decalogue
And he said unto him, Why callest thou me good? [there is] none good but one, [that is], God: but if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments [G1785]. He saith unto him, Which? Jesus said, Thou shalt do no murder, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Honour thy father and [thy] mother: and, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.
Matthew 22:36-40 -- Greatest commandment
Master, which [is] the great commandment [G1785] in the law? Jesus said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the first and great commandment [G1785]. And the second [is] like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. On these two commandments [G1785] hang all the law and the prophets.
Mark 7:8-9 -- Commandment of God vs. tradition of men
For laying aside the commandment [G1785] of God, ye hold the tradition of men, [as] the washing of pots and cups: and many other such like things ye do. And he said unto them, Full well ye reject the commandment [G1785] of God, that ye may keep your own tradition.
Mark 10:19 -- Commandments = Decalogue listed
Thou knowest the commandments [G1785], Do not commit adultery, Do not kill, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Defraud not, Honour thy father and mother.
Mark 12:28-31 -- First commandment
And one of the scribes came, and having heard them reasoning together, and perceiving that he had answered them well, asked him, Which is the first commandment [G1785] of all? And Jesus answered him, The first of all the commandments [G1785] [is], Hear, O Israel; The Lord our God is one Lord: And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength: this [is] the first commandment [G1785]. And the second [is] like, [namely] this, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. There is none other commandment [G1785] greater than these.
Luke 18:20 -- Commandments = Decalogue
Thou knowest the commandments [G1785], Do not commit adultery, Do not kill, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Honour thy father and thy mother.
Luke 23:56 -- Resting according to the commandment
And they returned, and prepared spices and ointments; and rested the sabbath day according to the commandment [G1785].
Romans 7:7-13 -- The commandment identified as the 10th commandment
What shall we say then? [Is] the law sin? God forbid. Nay, I had not known sin, but by the law: for I had not known lust, except the law had said, Thou shalt not covet. But sin, taking occasion by the commandment [G1785], wrought in me all manner of concupiscence. For without the law sin [was] dead. For I was alive without the law once: but when the commandment [G1785] came, sin revived, and I died. And the commandment [G1785], which [was ordained] to life, I found [to be] unto death. For sin, taking occasion by the commandment [G1785], deceived me, and by it slew [me]. Wherefore the law [is] holy, and the commandment [G1785] holy, and just, and good. Was then that which is good made death unto me? God forbid. But sin, that it might appear sin, working death in me by that which is good; that sin by the commandment [G1785] might become exceeding sinful.
Romans 13:9 -- Decalogue commands called entole
For this, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet; and if [there be] any other commandment [G1785], it is briefly comprehended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.
Ephesians 6:2-3 -- Fifth commandment cited as binding
Honour thy father and mother; (which is the first commandment [G1785] with promise;) That it may be well with thee, and thou mayest live long on the earth.
1 Corinthians 7:19 -- Entole distinguished from circumcision
Circumcision is nothing, and uncircumcision is nothing, but the keeping of the commandments [G1785] of God.
A2. Entole in Johannine Literature¶
John 14:15 -- Keep my commandments
If ye love me, keep my commandments [G1785].
John 14:21 -- Having and keeping commandments
He that hath my commandments [G1785], and keepeth them, he it is that loveth me: and he that loveth me shall be loved of my Father, and I will love him, and will manifest myself to him.
John 15:10 -- Father's commandments and Jesus's commandments
If ye keep my commandments [G1785], ye shall abide in my love; even as I have kept my Father's commandments [G1785], and abide in his love.
John 15:12 -- This is my commandment
This is my commandment [G1785], That ye love one another, as I have loved you.
1 John 2:3-4 -- Knowing God = keeping commandments
And hereby we do know that we know him, if we keep his commandments [G1785]. He that saith, I know him, and keepeth not his commandments [G1785], is a liar, and the truth is not in him.
1 John 2:7-8 -- Old and new commandment
Brethren, I write no new commandment [G1785] unto you, but an old commandment [G1785] which ye had from the beginning. The old commandment [G1785] is the word which ye have heard from the beginning. Again, a new commandment [G1785] I write unto you, which thing is true in him and in you: because the darkness is past, and the true light now shineth.
1 John 3:22-24 -- Keep his commandments
And whatsoever we ask, we receive of him, because we keep his commandments [G1785], and do those things that are pleasing in his sight. And this is his commandment [G1785], That we should believe on the name of his Son Jesus Christ, and love one another, as he gave us commandment [G1785]. And he that keepeth his commandments [G1785] dwelleth in him, and he in him.
1 John 4:21 -- Commandment to love brother
And this commandment [G1785] have we from him, That he who loveth God love his brother also.
1 John 5:2-3 -- Commandments not grievous
By this we know that we love the children of God, when we love God, and keep his commandments [G1785]. For this is the love of God, that we keep his commandments [G1785]: and his commandments [G1785] are not grievous.
2 John 1:4-6 -- Walking in commandments
I rejoiced greatly that I found of thy children walking in truth, as we have received a commandment [G1785] from the Father. And now I beseech thee, lady, not as though I wrote a new commandment [G1785] unto thee, but that which we had from the beginning, that we love one another. And this is love, that we walk after his commandments [G1785].
A3. Entole in Revelation (End-time Saints)¶
Revelation 12:17 -- Commandments of God
And the dragon was wroth with the woman, and went to make war with the remnant of her seed, which keep the commandments [G1785] of God, and have the testimony of Jesus Christ.
Revelation 14:12 -- Patience of the saints
Here is the patience of the saints: here [are] they that keep the commandments [G1785] of God, and the faith of Jesus.
Revelation 22:14 -- Blessed are they that do his commandments
Blessed [are] they that do his commandments [G1785], that they may have right to the tree of life, and may enter in through the gates into the city.
A4. Entole for Ceremonial/Levitical (with qualifiers)¶
Hebrews 7:5 -- Commandment to take tithes
And verily they that are of the sons of Levi, who receive the office of the priesthood, have a commandment [G1785] to take tithes of the people according to the law, that is, of their brethren, though they come out of the loins of Abraham.
Hebrews 7:16 -- Carnal commandment
Who is made, not after the law of a carnal commandment [G1785], but after the power of an endless life.
Hebrews 7:18 -- Disannulling of the commandment
For there is verily a disannulling of the commandment [G1785] going before for the weakness and unprofitableness thereof.
Hebrews 9:19 -- Every precept spoken by Moses
For when Moses had spoken every precept [G1785] to all the people according to the law, he took the blood of calves and of goats, with water, and scarlet wool, and hyssop, and sprinkled both the book, and all the people.
A5. Entole -- Other Uses¶
Luke 1:6 -- Entole and dikaioma side by side
And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments [G1785] and ordinances [G1345] of the Lord blameless.
Luke 15:29 -- Son's complaint
And he answering said to [his] father, Lo, these many years do I serve thee, neither transgressed I at any time thy commandment [G1785].
Colossians 4:10 -- Apostolic commandments
Aristarchus my fellowprisoner saluteth you, and Marcus, sister's son to Barnabas, (touching whom ye received commandments [G1785]: if he come unto you, receive him;)
Titus 1:14 -- Commandments of men
Not giving heed to Jewish fables, and commandments [G1785] of men, that turn from the truth.
1 Timothy 6:14 -- Keep this commandment
That thou keep [this] commandment [G1785] without spot, unrebukeable, until the appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ.
Ephesians 2:15 -- CRITICAL: Entole qualified by en dogmasin
Having abolished in his flesh the enmity, [even] the law of commandments [G1785] [contained] in ordinances [G1378]; for to make in himself of twain one new man, [so] making peace.
B. All Dogma (G1378) Passages -- Complete Set (5 occurrences)¶
Luke 2:1 -- Caesar's decree (civil/imperial)
And it came to pass in those days, that there went out a decree [G1378] from Caesar Augustus, that all the world should be taxed.
Acts 16:4 -- Jerusalem Council decrees (ecclesiastical)
And as they went through the cities, they delivered them the decrees [G1378] for to keep, that were ordained of the apostles and elders which were at Jerusalem.
Acts 17:7 -- Caesar's decrees (civil/imperial)
Whom Jason hath received: and these all do contrary to the decrees [G1378] of Caesar, saying that there is another king, [one] Jesus.
Ephesians 2:15 -- Law of commandments in ordinances (ABOLISHED)
Having abolished in his flesh the enmity, [even] the law of commandments [G1785] [contained] in ordinances [G1378]; for to make in himself of twain one new man, [so] making peace.
Colossians 2:14 -- Handwriting of ordinances (NAILED TO CROSS)
Blotting out the handwriting [G5498] of ordinances [G1378] that was against us, which was contrary to us, and took it out of the way, nailing it to his cross.
Dogmatizo (G1379) -- Verbal form (1 occurrence)¶
Colossians 2:20 -- Subject to ordinances
Wherefore if ye be dead with Christ from the rudiments of the world, why, as though living in the world, are ye subject to ordinances [G1379],
Context (Col 2:21-23):
(Touch not; taste not; handle not; Which all are to perish with the using;) after the commandments and doctrines of men? Which things have indeed a shew of wisdom in will worship, and humility, and neglecting of the body; not in any honour to the satisfying of the flesh.
C. Cheirographon (G5498) -- Col 2:14 (Hapax Legomenon)¶
Colossians 2:13-17 -- Full context
And you, being dead in your sins and the uncircumcision of your flesh, hath he quickened together with him, having forgiven you all trespasses; Blotting out the handwriting [G5498] of ordinances [G1378] that was against us, which was contrary to us, and took it out of the way, nailing it to his cross; [And] having spoiled principalities and powers, he made a shew of them openly, triumphing over them in it. Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath [days]: Which are a shadow of things to come; but the body [is] of Christ.
Colossians 2:20-22 -- Continuation
Wherefore if ye be dead with Christ from the rudiments of the world, why, as though living in the world, are ye subject to ordinances [G1379], (Touch not; taste not; handle not; Which all are to perish with the using;) after the commandments and doctrines of men?
D. All Dikaioma (G1345) Passages -- Complete Set (10 occurrences)¶
Luke 1:6 -- Entole and dikaioma as two categories
And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments [G1785] and ordinances [G1345] of the Lord blameless.
Romans 1:32 -- Judgment/righteous decree of God
Who knowing the judgment [G1345] of God, that they which commit such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but have pleasure in them that do them.
Romans 2:26 -- Righteousness of the law
Therefore if the uncircumcision keep the righteousness [G1345] of the law, shall not his uncircumcision be counted for circumcision?
Romans 5:16 -- Justification (forensic)
And not as [it was] by one that sinned, [so is] the gift: for the judgment [was] by one to condemnation, but the free gift [is] of many offences unto justification [G1345].
Romans 5:18 -- Righteousness of one
Therefore as by the offence of one [judgment came] upon all men to condemnation; even so by the righteousness [G1345] of one [the free gift came] upon all men unto justification of life.
Romans 8:4 -- THE righteousness of THE law (singular, articular)
That the righteousness [G1345] of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit.
Context (Romans 8:1-5):
[There is] therefore now no condemnation to them which are in Christ Jesus, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit. For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus hath made me free from the law of sin and death. For what the law could not do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, and for sin, condemned sin in the flesh: That the righteousness [G1345] of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit. For they that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh; but they that are after the Spirit the things of the Spirit.
Hebrews 9:1 -- Ordinances of divine service (plural, ceremonial)
Then verily the first [covenant] had also ordinances [G1345] of divine service, and a worldly sanctuary.
Hebrews 9:10 -- Carnal ordinances (plural, temporal)
[Which stood] only in meats and drinks, and divers washings, and carnal ordinances [G1345], imposed [on them] until the time of reformation.
Revelation 15:4 -- Judgments made manifest
Who shall not fear thee, O Lord, and glorify thy name? for [thou] only [art] holy: for all nations shall come and worship before thee; for thy judgments [G1345] are made manifest.
Revelation 19:8 -- Righteousness of saints
And to her was granted that she should be arrayed in fine linen, clean and white: for the fine linen is the righteousness [G1345] of saints.
E. Key Nomos (G3551) Passages -- Article Pattern Focus¶
E1. Romans 2:12-15 -- Multiple article variations¶
For as many as have sinned without law [G459 anomos] shall also perish without law [G459]: and as many as have sinned in the law [G3551, en nomo] shall be judged by the law [G3551, dia nomou]; (For not the hearers of the law [G3551, tou nomou] [are] just before God, but the doers of the law [G3551, tou nomou] shall be justified. For when the Gentiles, which have not the law [G3551, nomon -- anarthrous], do by nature the things contained in the law [G3551, tou nomou], these, having not the law [G3551, nomon -- anarthrous], are a law [G3551, nomos] unto themselves: Which shew the work of the law [G3551, tou nomou] written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and [their] thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another;)
E2. Romans 3:19-21 -- Law's scope and righteousness apart from law¶
Now we know that what things soever the law [G3551, ho nomos] saith, it saith to them who are under the law [G3551, en to nomo]: that every mouth may be stopped, and all the world may become guilty before God. Therefore by the deeds of the law [G3551, nomou -- anarthrous] there shall no flesh be justified in his sight: for by the law [G3551, nomou] [is] the knowledge of sin. But now the righteousness of God without the law [G3551, choris nomou] is manifested, being witnessed by the law [G3551, tou nomou] and the prophets.
E3. Romans 3:27-31 -- Law of works vs. law of faith; establishing the law¶
Where [is] boasting then? It is excluded. By what law [G3551, nomou]? of works? Nay: but by the law [G3551, nomou] of faith. Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith without the deeds of the law [G3551, nomou]. Do we then make void the law [G3551, nomon] through faith? God forbid: yea, we establish the law [G3551, nomon].
E4. Romans 4:15 -- Articular then anarthrous in same verse¶
Because the law [G3551, ho nomos] worketh wrath: for where no law [G3551, nomos] is, [there is] no transgression.
E5. Romans 7:1-25 -- Dense nomos usage (see entole section above for 7:7-13)¶
Know ye not, brethren, (for I speak to them that know the law [G3551],) how that the law [G3551, ho nomos] hath dominion over a man as long as he liveth? [...] Wherefore the law [G3551, ho nomos] [is] holy, and the commandment [G1785] holy, and just, and good. For we know that the law [G3551, ho nomos] is spiritual: but I am carnal, sold under sin. [...] I find then a law [G3551, ton nomon], that, when I would do good, evil is present with me. For I delight in the law [G3551, to nomo] of God after the inward man: But I see another law [G3551, heteron nomon] in my members, warring against the law [G3551, to nomo] of my mind, and bringing me into captivity to the law [G3551, to nomo] of sin which is in my members. [...] So then with the mind I myself serve the law [G3551, nomo] of God; but with the flesh the law [G3551, nomo] of sin.
E6. Galatians Article Patterns¶
Galatians 2:16 -- Works of law (anarthrous)
Knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law [G3551, ergon nomou], but by the faith of Jesus Christ, even we have believed in Jesus Christ, that we might be justified by the faith of Christ, and not by the works of the law [G3551, ergon nomou]: for by the works of the law [G3551, ergon nomou] shall no flesh be justified.
Galatians 2:19 -- Through law dead to law (both anarthrous)
For I through the law [G3551, dia nomou] am dead to the law [G3551, nomo], that I might live unto God.
Galatians 3:17-19 -- The law 430 years later
And this I say, [that] the covenant, that was confirmed before of God in Christ, the law [G3551, ho nomos], which was four hundred and thirty years after, cannot disannul, that it should make the promise of none effect. For if the inheritance [be] of the law [G3551, ek nomou], [it is] no more of promise: but God gave [it] to Abraham by promise. Wherefore then [serveth] the law [G3551, ho nomos]? It was added because of transgressions, till the seed should come to whom the promise was made.
Galatians 3:21 -- If a law could give life (anarthrous = hypothetical)
[Is] the law [G3551, ho nomos] then against the promises of God? God forbid: for if there had been a law [G3551, nomos -- anarthrous] given which could have given life, verily righteousness should have been by the law [G3551, ek tou nomou].
Galatians 5:14 -- All the law fulfilled
For all the law [G3551, ho pas nomos] is fulfilled in one word, [even] in this; Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.
Galatians 6:2 -- Law of Christ
Bear ye one another's burdens, and so fulfil the law [G3551, ton nomon] of Christ.
E7. James -- The Royal/Perfect Law of Liberty¶
James 1:25 -- Perfect law of liberty
But whoso looketh into the perfect law of liberty [G3551], and continueth [therein], he being not a forgetful hearer, but a doer of the work, this man shall be blessed in his deed.
James 2:8-12 -- Royal law, quoting Decalogue
If ye fulfil the royal law [G3551] according to the scripture, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself, ye do well: But if ye have respect to persons, ye commit sin, and are convinced of the law [G3551] as transgressors. For whosoever shall keep the whole law [G3551], and yet offend in one [point], he is guilty of all. For he that said, Do not commit adultery, said also, Do not kill. Now if thou commit no adultery, yet if thou kill, thou art become a transgressor of the law [G3551]. So speak ye, and so do, as they that shall be judged by the law [G3551] of liberty.
E8. Hebrews -- Laws on Hearts¶
Hebrews 8:10 -- New covenant law
For this [is] the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, saith the Lord; I will put my laws [G3551, nomous] into their mind, and write them in their hearts: and I will be to them a God, and they shall be to me a people.
Hebrews 10:16 -- Law on hearts repeated
This [is] the covenant that I will make with them after those days, saith the Lord, I will put my laws [G3551, nomous] into their hearts, and in their minds will I write them.
F. OT Background Passages¶
Decalogue Origin¶
Exodus 20:1-17 -- The Decalogue spoken by God
And God spake all these words, saying, I [am] the LORD thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. Thou shalt have no other gods before me. [...] Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that [is] thy neighbour's.
Exodus 31:18 -- Written by God's finger
And he gave unto Moses, when he had made an end of communing with him upon mount Sinai, two tables of testimony, tables of stone, written with the finger of God.
Deuteronomy 4:13 -- Ten commandments on two tables
And he declared unto you his covenant, which he commanded you to perform, [even] ten commandments; and he wrote them upon two tables of stone.
Deuteronomy 9:10 -- Written with the finger of God
And the LORD delivered unto me two tables of stone written with the finger of God; and on them [was written] according to all the words, which the LORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly.
Book of the Law (Moses's writing)¶
Deuteronomy 31:24-26 -- Moses wrote law in a book, placed beside the ark
And it came to pass, when Moses had made an end of writing the words of this law in a book, until they were finished, That Moses commanded the Levites, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, saying, Take this book of the law, and put it in the side of the ark of the covenant of the LORD your God, that it may be there for a witness against thee.
New Covenant Promise¶
Jeremiah 31:31-34 -- Law in inward parts
Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah: Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day [that] I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; which my covenant they brake, although I was an husband unto them, saith the LORD: But this [shall be] the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel; After those days, saith the LORD, I will put my law in their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their God, and they shall be my people.
G. Cross-Reference Passages¶
Law Permanence¶
Matthew 5:17-19 -- Not to destroy but to fulfil
Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil. For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled. Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments [G1785], and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least in the kingdom of heaven.
Luke 16:17 -- Easier for heaven and earth to pass
And it is easier for heaven and earth to pass, than one tittle of the law to fail.
1 John 3:4 -- Sin = transgression of the law
Whosoever committeth sin transgresseth also the law: for sin is the transgression of the law [G458 anomia].
Abolition Passages (Greek vocabulary)¶
2 Corinthians 3:7-14 -- Ministration contrast
But if the ministration of death, written [and] engraven in stones, was glorious, so that the children of Israel could not stedfastly behold the face of Moses for the glory of his countenance; which [glory] was to be done away [G2673]: How shall not the ministration of the spirit be rather glorious? For if the ministration of condemnation [be] glory, much more doth the ministration of righteousness exceed in glory. [...] For if that which is done away [G2673] [was] glorious, much more that which remaineth [is] glorious. [...] And not as Moses, [which] put a vail over his face, that the children of Israel could not stedfastly look to the end of that which is abolished [G2673]: But their minds were blinded: for until this day remaineth the same vail untaken away in the reading of the old testament; which [vail] is done away [G2673] in Christ.
Hebrews 7:11-19 -- Priesthood change requires law change
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood, (for under it the people received the law,) what further need [was there] that another priest should rise after the order of Melchisedec, and not be called after the order of Aaron? For the priesthood being changed, there is made of necessity a change also of the law. [...] Who is made, not after the law of a carnal commandment [G1785], but after the power of an endless life. [...] For there is verily a disannulling of the commandment [G1785] going before for the weakness and unprofitableness thereof. For the law made nothing perfect, but the bringing in of a better hope [did]; by the which we draw nigh unto God.
Hebrews 10:1 -- Law as shadow
For the law having a shadow [G4639] of good things to come, [and] not the very image of the things, can never with those sacrifices which they offered year by year continually make the comers thereunto perfect.
Galatians Law Passages¶
Galatians 3:13 -- Curse of the law
Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us: for it is written, Cursed [is] every one that hangeth on a tree.
Galatians 3:24-25 -- Schoolmaster
Wherefore the law was our schoolmaster [to bring us] unto Christ, that we might be justified by faith. But after that faith is come, we are no longer under a schoolmaster.
H. Cross-Testament Parallels Summary¶
Key Parallel Findings¶
- Mat 19:17 parallels OT commandment-keeping passages (Deut 5:29, 30:16; 1 Ki 8:61) and NT equivalents (1 Jhn 3:22-24, 5:3)
- Rom 8:4 parallels Rom 7:25, 2:13, Gal 3:21, Phil 3:6,9 -- all addressing law/righteousness/flesh/spirit
- Rom 3:31 parallels Gal 3:11-12, 2:16, Rom 7:7 -- faith and law relationship
- Rev 14:12 parallels OT commandment-keeping (Deut 28:9, Dan 9:4, Neh 12:45) and NT faith passages (1 Tim 6:11,14)
- Heb 9:1 parallels OT sanctuary/worship passages (Ezek 44:8, 45:4) and ceremonial context (Col 2:23)
- Col 2:14 parallels Isa 43:25 (God blotting out transgressions -- parallel exaleipho language)