Raw Greek Parsing Output¶
Acts 15:5¶
Greek: Ἐξανέστησαν δέ τινες τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς αἱρέσεως τῶν Φαρισαίων πεπιστευκότες, λέγοντες ὅτι δεῖ περιτέμνειν αὐτοὺς παραγγέλλειν τε τηρεῖν τὸν νόμον Μωϋσέως.
Key parsing: - πεπιστευκότες (pepisteukotas) -- Perfect Active Participle, Nom Pl M -- "having believed" (G4100 pisteuo). The perfect tense indicates completed past action with ongoing result -- these Pharisees had genuinely believed. - δεῖ (dei) -- Present Active Indicative, 3rd Sg -- "it is necessary" (G1163). Impersonal verb expressing necessity. - περιτέμνειν (peritemnein) -- Present Active Infinitive (G4059 peritemno) -- "to circumcise" - παραγγέλλειν (parangellein) -- Present Active Infinitive (G3853 parangello) -- "to command/charge" - τε (te) -- Particle (G5037) -- connects the two infinitives (circumcise AND command to keep) - τηρεῖν (terein) -- Present Active Infinitive (G5083 tereo) -- "to keep/observe" - νόμον Μωϋσέως (nomon Mouseos) -- "the law of Moses" (accusative singular + genitive singular)
Grammatical Note: The structure contains three infinitives: (1) peritemnein (to circumcise), connected by te to (2) parangellein (to command) + (3) terein (to keep the law of Moses). The te particle joins circumcision and the command to keep the law as a compound demand.
Acts 15:10¶
Greek: νῦν οὖν τί πειράζετε τὸν Θεόν, ἐπιθεῖναι ζυγὸν ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον τῶν μαθητῶν, ὃν οὔτε οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν οὔτε ἡμεῖς ἰσχύσαμεν βαστάσαι;
Key parsing: - πειράζετε (peirazete) -- Present Active Indicative, 2nd Pl (G3985 peirazo) -- "you are testing/tempting" - ἐπιθεῖναι (epitheinai) -- Aorist Active Infinitive (G2007 epitithemi) -- "to place upon" - ζυγὸν (zygon) -- Accusative Singular M (G2218 zygos) -- "a yoke" - τράχηλον (trachelon) -- Accusative Singular M (G5137 trachelos) -- "neck" - μαθητῶν (matheton) -- Genitive Plural M (G3101 mathetes) -- "of the disciples" - οὔτε...οὔτε (oute...oute) -- "neither...nor" -- double negative construction - ἰσχύσαμεν (ischysamen) -- Aorist Active Indicative, 1st Pl (G2480 ischuo) -- "we were able" - βαστάσαι (bastasai) -- Aorist Active Infinitive (G941 bastazo) -- "to bear/carry"
Grammatical Note: Peter's question uses peirazete (present tense -- ongoing testing of God) with an infinitive of purpose (epitheinai -- to place a yoke). The relative clause (hon oute...oute...ischysamen bastasai) describes this yoke as one "which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear." The aorist ischysamen looks back over the entire history of Israel's experience with this yoke.
Acts 15:20¶
Greek: ἀλλὰ ἐπιστεῖλαι αὐτοῖς τοῦ ἀπέχεσθαι τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων καὶ τῆς πορνείας καὶ πνικτοῦ καὶ τοῦ αἵματος.
Key parsing: - ἐπιστεῖλαι (episteilai) -- Aorist Active Infinitive (G1989 epistello) -- "to write/send a letter" - ἀπέχεσθαι (apechesthai) -- Present Middle Infinitive (G568 apecho) -- "to abstain" (middle voice = "hold oneself away from") - ἀλισγημάτων (alisgamaton) -- Genitive Plural N (G234 alisgema) -- "pollutions/defilements" - εἰδώλων (eidolon) -- Genitive Plural N (G1497 eidolon) -- "of idols" - πορνείας (porneias) -- Genitive Singular F (G4202 porneia) -- "fornication/sexual immorality" - πνικτοῦ (pniktou) -- Genitive Singular N (G4156 pniktos) -- "of things strangled" - αἵματος (haimatos) -- Genitive Singular N (G129 haima) -- "of blood"
Grammatical Note: The four items are connected by kai (and): (1) alisgamaton ton eidolon (pollutions of idols), (2) porneias (fornication), (3) pniktou (strangled things), (4) haimatos (blood). All are in the genitive case, governed by apechesthai (to abstain from).
Acts 15:21¶
Greek: Μωϋσῆς γὰρ ἐκ γενεῶν ἀρχαίων κατὰ πόλιν τοὺς κηρύσσοντας αὐτὸν ἔχει ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς κατὰ πᾶν σάββατον ἀναγινωσκόμενος.
Key parsing: - Μωϋσῆς (Mousas) -- Nominative Singular M (G3475) -- "Moses" (subject) - γὰρ (gar) -- Conjunction (G1063) -- "for" (explanatory) - γενεῶν ἀρχαίων (geneon archaion) -- "generations of old/ancient generations" - κατὰ πόλιν (kata polin) -- "in every city" (distributive kata) - κηρύσσοντας (keryssontas) -- Present Active Participle, Acc Pl M (G2784 kerysso) -- "ones proclaiming/preaching" - ἔχει (echei) -- Present Active Indicative, 3rd Sg (G2192 echo) -- "has" (present tense = ongoing reality) - συναγωγαῖς (synagogais) -- Dative Plural F (G4864 synagoge) -- "in the synagogues" - κατὰ πᾶν σάββατον (kata pan sabbaton) -- "every sabbath" (distributive kata + pan = "each and every") - ἀναγινωσκόμενος (anaginoskomenos) -- Present Passive Participle, Nom Sg M (G314 anaginosko) -- "being read"
Grammatical Note: The sentence structure: "Moses (subject) for (gar) from ancient generations, in every city, has (echei -- present tense) those proclaiming him, being read (anaginoskomenos -- present passive participle, referring to Moses) in the synagogues every sabbath." The gar connects this to v.19-20 as an explanation. The present tenses (echei, anaginoskomenos) describe an ongoing, current reality at the time of speaking.
Acts 15:28¶
Greek: ἔδοξεν γὰρ τῷ Πνεύματι τῷ Ἁγίῳ καὶ ἡμῖν μηδὲν πλέον ἐπιτίθεσθαι ὑμῖν βάρος πλὴν τούτων τῶν ἐπάναγκες,
Key parsing: - ἔδοξεν (edoxen) -- Aorist Active Indicative, 3rd Sg (G1380 dokeo) -- "it seemed good" - τῷ Πνεύματι τῷ Ἁγίῳ -- "to the Holy Spirit" (dative) - ἐπιτίθεσθαι (epitithesthai) -- Present Middle Infinitive (G2007 epitithemi) -- "to place upon" (middle voice = burden placement) - βάρος (baros) -- Accusative Singular N (G922) -- "burden/weight" - πλὴν (plan) -- "except/besides" - ἐπάναγκες (epanankes) -- Adverb (G1876) -- "of necessity/necessarily"
Grammatical Note: "It seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us to place upon you no greater burden (baros) except these necessary things (touton ton epanankes)." The word epanankes (necessary) qualifies the four prohibitions as obligatory, not optional.
Acts 15:29¶
Greek: ἀπέχεσθαι εἰδωλοθύτων καὶ αἵματος καὶ πνικτῶν καὶ πορνείας· ἐξ ὧν διατηροῦντες ἑαυτοὺς εὖ πράξετε. Ἔρρωσθε.
Key parsing: - ἀπέχεσθαι (apechesthai) -- Present Middle Infinitive (G568) -- "to abstain" - εἰδωλοθύτων (eidolothyton) -- Genitive Plural N (G1494 eidolothutos) -- "things sacrificed to idols" (note: different word from v.20's alisgamaton ton eidolon) - πνικτῶν (pnikton) -- Genitive Plural N (G4156) -- "things strangled" (plural here vs. singular in v.20) - διατηροῦντες (diaterountes) -- Present Active Participle, Nom Pl M (G1301 diatereo) -- "keeping/guarding carefully" (intensified form of tereo) - πράξετε (praxete) -- Future Active Indicative, 2nd Pl (G4238 prasso) -- "you will do/fare" - Ἔρρωσθε (Errosthe) -- Perfect Passive Imperative, 2nd Pl (G4517 rhonnymi) -- "Be well/Farewell"
Grammatical Note: The four items in the formal letter differ slightly from James's oral pronouncement (v.20): eidolothyton replaces alisgamaton ton eidolon, and the order changes. The verb diaterountes (keeping carefully) is an intensified compound suggesting diligent observance.
Ephesians 2:11¶
Greek: Διὸ μνημονεύετε ὅτι ποτὲ ὑμεῖς τὰ ἔθνη ἐν σαρκί, οἱ λεγόμενοι ἀκροβυστία ὑπὸ τῆς λεγομένης περιτομῆς ἐν σαρκὶ χειροποιήτου,
Key parsing: - μνημονεύετε (mnemoneuete) -- Present Active Imperative, 2nd Pl (G3421) -- "Remember!" - ποτὲ (pote) -- Particle (G4218) -- "formerly/at one time/once" -- temporal marker indicating past state - ἔθνη (ethne) -- Nominative Plural N (G1484 ethnos) -- "Gentiles/nations" - ἀκροβυστία (akrobystia) -- Nominative Singular F (G203) -- "Uncircumcision" (a label) - χειροποιήτου (cheiropoietou) -- Genitive Singular F (G5499) -- "made by hands"
Grammatical Note: The temporal particle pote (formerly/once) is critical -- Paul says "remember that you FORMERLY (pote) were Gentiles in the flesh." This places Gentile identity in the past tense. The label "Uncircumcision" is described as given by "the so-called Circumcision in the flesh made by hands" -- Paul relativizes both labels.
Ephesians 2:12¶
Greek: ὅτι ἦτε τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ χωρὶς Χριστοῦ, ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τῆς πολιτείας τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ξένοι τῶν διαθηκῶν τῆς ἐπαγγελίας, ἐλπίδα μὴ ἔχοντες καὶ ἄθεοι ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ.
Key parsing: - ἦτε (ete) -- Imperfect Active Indicative, 2nd Pl (G1510 eimi) -- "you were" -- PAST TENSE - ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι (apellotriomenoi) -- Perfect Passive Participle, Nom Pl M (G526 apallotrioo) -- "having been alienated" -- the perfect tense shows completed past alienation - πολιτείας (politeias) -- Genitive Singular F (G4174 politeia) -- "commonwealth/citizenship" - ξένοι (xenoi) -- Nominative Plural M (G3581 xenos) -- "strangers/foreigners" - διαθηκῶν (diathekon) -- Genitive Plural F (G1242 diatheke) -- "covenants" - ἐπαγγελίας (epangelias) -- Genitive Singular F (G1860 epaggelia) -- "of promise" - ἄθεοι (atheoi) -- Nominative Plural M (G112 atheos) -- "without God"
Grammatical Note: Everything in this verse is PAST TENSE: ete (you were), apellotriomenoi (having been alienated -- perfect participle describing completed past state). The list of five deprivations they formerly experienced: (1) without Christ, (2) alienated from Israel's commonwealth, (3) strangers from the covenants of promise, (4) having no hope, (5) without God in the world.
Ephesians 2:13¶
Greek: νυνὶ δὲ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ ὑμεῖς οἵ ποτε ὄντες μακρὰν ἐγενήθητε ἐγγὺς ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ.
Key parsing: - νυνὶ (nyni) -- Adverb (G3570) -- "but now" -- temporal contrast with v.12 - ποτε (pote) -- Particle (G4218) -- "formerly" -- again marking past state - ὄντες (ontes) -- Present Active Participle (G1510 eimi) -- "being" (those who were being far off) - μακρὰν (makran) -- Adverb (G3112) -- "far off" - ἐγενήθητε (egeneethete) -- Aorist Passive Indicative, 2nd Pl (G1096 ginomai) -- "you have become" (point-in-time change) - ἐγγὺς (engys) -- Adverb (G1451) -- "near"
Grammatical Note: The nyni de (but now) creates a sharp temporal contrast with v.12's past tense. Those who "formerly" (pote) were "far off" have "become" (egeneethete -- aorist = a decisive completed event) "near" by the blood of Christ. The transformation from far to near, from alien to citizen, is presented as an accomplished fact.
1 Corinthians 12:2¶
Greek: Οἴδατε ὅτι ὅτε ἔθνη ἦτε πρὸς τὰ εἴδωλα τὰ ἄφωνα ὡς ἂν ἤγεσθε ἀπαγόμενοι.
Key parsing: - Οἴδατε (Oidate) -- Perfect Active Indicative, 2nd Pl (G1492 oida) -- "You know" - ὅτε (hote) -- Adverb (G3753) -- "when" (temporal) - ἔθνη (ethne) -- Nominative Plural N (G1484 ethnos) -- "Gentiles" - ἦτε (ete) -- Imperfect Active Indicative, 2nd Pl (G1510 eimi) -- "you were" -- PAST TENSE - ἤγεσθε (egesthe) -- Imperfect Passive Indicative, 2nd Pl (G71 ago) -- "you were being led" - ἀπαγόμενοι (apagomenoi) -- Present Passive Participle (G520 apago) -- "being carried away"
Grammatical Note: Paul uses the imperfect tense ete ("you WERE Gentiles") -- not "you ARE Gentiles." The temporal adverb hote ("when") marks this as a completed past state. Combined with the idol worship context, Paul identifies their Gentile identity with their pagan past.
Galatians 3:28¶
Greek: οὐκ ἔνι Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην, οὐκ ἔνι δοῦλος οὐδὲ ἐλεύθερος, οὐκ ἔνι ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ· πάντες γὰρ ὑμεῖς εἷς ἐστε ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ.
Key parsing: - ἔνι (eni) -- Present Active Indicative, 3rd Sg (G1762) -- "there is" (contraction of enesti) - οὐκ...οὐδὲ (ouk...oude) -- "there is not...nor" (emphatic negation) - Ἰουδαῖος (Ioudaios) -- Nominative Singular M (G2453) -- "Jew" - Ἕλλην (Hellen) -- Nominative Singular M (G1672) -- "Greek" (= Gentile) - εἷς (heis) -- Nominative Singular M (G1520) -- "one" - ἐστε (este) -- Present Active Indicative, 2nd Pl (G1510) -- "you are"
Grammatical Note: Three pairs are negated: Jew/Greek, slave/free, male/female. All three use ouk eni (there is not). The conclusion: pantes gar humeis heis este -- "for you all are ONE in Christ Jesus." The word heis (one) is masculine singular, suggesting "one person" or "one body" in Christ.
Galatians 3:29¶
Greek: εἰ δὲ ὑμεῖς Χριστοῦ, ἄρα τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ σπέρμα ἐστέ, κατ' ἐπαγγελίαν κληρονόμοι.
Key parsing: - εἰ (ei) -- Conditional (G1487) -- "if" (first class condition = assumed true) - Χριστοῦ (Christou) -- Genitive Singular M (G5547) -- "of Christ/Christ's" - ἄρα (ara) -- Particle (G686) -- "then/consequently" - σπέρμα (sperma) -- Nominative Singular N (G4690) -- "seed/offspring" - Ἀβραὰμ (Abraam) -- Genitive (G11) -- "of Abraham" - κληρονόμοι (kleronomoi) -- Nominative Plural M (G2818) -- "heirs"
Grammatical Note: The first-class conditional (ei + indicative) assumes the condition is true: "Since you are Christ's, THEREFORE you are Abraham's seed, heirs according to the promise." This directly connects belonging to Christ with being Abraham's seed and heirs of the Abrahamic promises.