Word Studies¶
peplērotai — G4137 plēroō (Mark 1:15)¶
Original: πληρόω (plēroō) Transliteration: plēroō Definition: To make replete, fill up, complete, fulfill BLB Count: 90 occurrences
Mark 1:15 Parsing¶
- Form: Πεπλήρωται (Peplērotai)
- Parsing: Perfect Passive Indicative, 3rd person singular
- Significance: The perfect tense indicates a completed action with ongoing results. The passive voice indicates the time was fulfilled by an external agent (God). Jesus declares that the prophetic timetable HAS BEEN FULFILLED — it is a present reality, not a future hope.
- Paired with: ēngiken (ἤγγικεν, G1448) — also Perfect Active Indicative — "has drawn near." Both verbs are in the perfect tense, indicating completed states.
FUT Tension¶
FUT's gap thesis requires the prophetic timetable to be PAUSED at Christ's death. Mark 1:15 declares it FULFILLED at Christ's ministry. The perfect passive indicates divine agency completing the time — not suspending it. Gal 4:4 parallels: "when the fulness [plērōma] of the time was come, God sent forth his Son."
naos — G3485 ναός (2 Thess 2:4)¶
Original: ναός (naos) Transliteration: naos Definition: A fane, shrine, temple (from naiō, "to dwell") BLB Count: 46 occurrences
Pauline Usage Pattern¶
| Verse | Phrase | Referent |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Cor 3:16 | naos theou este | The church ("ye are the temple of God") |
| 1 Cor 3:17 | naon tou theou | The church (same context) |
| 1 Cor 6:19 | naos tou... pneumatos | The believer's body |
| 2 Cor 6:16 | naos theou zōntos | The church ("ye are the temple of the living God") |
| Eph 2:21 | naon hagion | The church (growing into a holy temple) |
| 2 Thess 2:4 | naon tou theou | FUT: physical Third Temple; HIST/others: the church |
Pattern: In EVERY other Pauline occurrence, naos tou theou designates the church or the believer's body — never a physical building. FUT must override this established Pauline usage to read 2 Thess 2:4 as a future physical temple.
Key: naos vs. hieron¶
Paul consistently uses naos (inner sanctuary/temple-proper) for metaphorical/spiritual temple. The Gospels use hieron (G2411) for the physical Jerusalem temple complex. Paul never uses hieron in his epistles.
gabar berith — Dan 9:27¶
Hebrew: ve-higbir beriyth la-rabbim Root: gabar (H1396) Hiphil — "to make strong, confirm, prevail" Collocate: berith (H1285) — "covenant"
NOT karath berith¶
- karath berith = "cut a covenant" (standard covenant-making idiom, 80+ OT occurrences)
- gabar berith = "strengthen/confirm a covenant" (unique occurrence — Dan 9:27 only)
- Significance: The verb choice indicates strengthening/confirming an EXISTING covenant, not making a new one. FUT reads this as a political treaty (new covenant); the text uses a verb for confirmation, not initiation.
la-rabbim Echo¶
- Dan 9:27: la-rabbim ("for/with the many")
- Isa 53:11: yatsdiq... la-rabbim ("shall justify many")
- Matt 26:28: peri pollōn ("for many")
- The identical Hebrew construction la-rabbim in a Suffering Servant context creates the strongest lexical argument that Dan 9:27's "He" is the Messiah, not the Antichrist.
akrogōniaios — G204 (Eph 2:20; 1 Pet 2:6)¶
Original: ἀκρογωνιαῖος (akrogōniaios) Definition: Belonging to the extreme corner; chief corner(stone) Occurrences: 2 (Eph 2:20; 1 Pet 2:6)
Both occurrences identify Christ as the cornerstone in present-tense church-building contexts, not future-temple contexts. The stone/cornerstone chain identifies Christ's first-advent work as the foundation.