Raw Hebrew/Aramaic Parsing Output¶

All parsing performed with hebrew_parser.py (Text-Fabric BHSA data).

Daniel 2:34-35 (Stone striking statue)¶

Dan 2:34¶

חָזֵ֣ה הֲוֵ֗ית עַ֣ד דִּ֡י הִתְגְּזֶ֣רֶת אֶ֡בֶן דִּי־לָ֣א בִידַ֡יִן...

Key forms: - hitg'zeret (גזר Hithpe'el Perf 3fs) = "was cut out" — passive reflexive, the stone cuts itself - di-la bi-ydayin = "which not by hands" — negation + instrumental preposition - m'chat (מחא Haph'el Perf 3fs) = "struck" — causative

Dan 2:35¶

בֵּאדַ֡יִן דָּ֡קוּ כַחֲדָ֡ה...

Key forms: - daquw (דקק Pe'al Perf 3mp) = "were shattered together" - ka-chadah (כחדה) = "as one/together/simultaneously" — CRITICAL: all parts shattered simultaneously, not sequentially - havaw (הוה Pe'al Perf 3mp) = "became" — the metals became like chaff - nesé (נשׂא Perf 3ms) = "carried away" — wind carried them - kol-atar (כל אתר) = "every place" — no trace found - 'avnah (אבנא) = "the stone" — emphatic/definite - havat (הוה Perf 3fs) = "became" — the stone became a great mountain - mal'at (מלא Perf 3fs) = "filled" — filled the whole earth

Dan 2:39¶

וּבָתְרָךְ֙ תְּק֣וּם מַלְכ֤וּ אָחֳרִי֙...

Key forms: - u-vathrakh (בתר + 2ms suffix) = "and after you" — succession language (batarakh) - t'qum (קום Pe'al Impf 3fs) = "shall arise" - malku achori (מלכו אחרי) = "another kingdom" - ar'a (ארעא) = "earth" — inferior/lower to ground (?)

Dan 2:44¶

וּבְיֹומֵיהֹון֙ דִּ֣י מַלְכַיָּ֣א אִנּוּן֩...

Key forms: - u-v'yomehon (ביום + 3mp suffix) = "in the days of those" - malkayyah innun = "those kings" - y'qim (קום Haph'el Impf 3ms) = "shall set up" — God as subject - malku (מלכו) = "a kingdom" - la 'almin (לעלמין) = "forever" — everlasting - la tithhabel (חבל Ithpa'al Impf 3fs) = "shall not be destroyed" - malku (מלכו) = "kingdom" - l''am achoran (לעם אחרן) = "to another people" - la tishtabēq (שׁבק Ishtaphel Impf 3fs) = "shall not be left" - taddiq (דקק Haph'el Impf 3fs) = "shall break in pieces" - t'siphē (סוף Haph'el Impf 3fs) = "shall bring to an end" - t'qum (קום Pe'al Impf 3fs) = "shall stand" - l''almayyah (לעלמיא) = "forever"

Daniel 7 (Little Horn and Judgment)¶

Dan 7:7¶

בָּאתַ֣ר דְּנָ֡ה חָזֵ֣ה הֲוֵ֣ית בְּחֶזְוֵ֣י לֵֽילְיָ֡א...

Key forms: Fourth beast described with parzel (iron) teeth, d'qaq (crushing), and shanah (different from all others).

Dan 7:8¶

מִשְׂתַּכַּ֨ל הֲוֵ֜ית בְּקַרְנַיָּ֗א...

Key forms: - qeren (קרן) ze'erah (זעיר) = "a little horn" - 'ithaqqaru (עקר Hithpe'el Perf 3fp) = "were plucked up" — the three horns uprooted - 'aynin (עין) = "eyes" — eyes like a man - pum (פם) = "mouth" — speaking great things

Dan 7:11¶

Key forms: - q'tilat (קטל Pe'il Perf 3fs) = "was killed" — passive: the beast WAS killed - huwbad (אבד Hophal Perf 3ms) = "was destroyed" — its body - yihivat (יהב Pe'il Perf 3fs) = "was given" — given to burning fire - yiqedat 'esha = "firebrand of fire"

Dan 7:13-14¶

Key forms (7:13): - ke-var 'enash (כבר אנשׁ) = "like a son of man" — human figure - 'atah (אתה Pe'al Perf 3ms) = "came" - 'attiq yomayyah (עתיק יומיא) = "Ancient of Days" - haqr'vuhi (קרב Haph'el Perf 3mp + 3ms suffix) = "they brought him near" — before the Ancient of Days

Key forms (7:14): - y'hiv (יהב Pe'il Perf 3ms) = "was given" — passive: dominion was GIVEN to him - sholtan (שׁלטן) = "dominion" - vi-yqar (יקר) = "honor" - u-malku (מלכו) = "and kingdom" - kol 'ammayyah (כל עממיא) = "all peoples" - yifl'chunneih (פלח Pe'al Impf 3mp) = "shall serve him" - sholtan 'alam (שׁלטן עלם) = "everlasting dominion" - malkhuteh (מלכותה) = "his kingdom" - la tithhabel (חבל Ithpa'al Impf 3fs) = "shall not be destroyed"

Dan 7:20-22¶

Key forms (7:20): - qarna dikhen (קרנא דכן) = "that horn" (demonstrative) - chezwah (חזו) rav (רב) min (מן) havratah (חברה) = "its appearance greater than its fellows" - memalil ravrevan (מלל Pa'el Ptcp) = "speaking great things"

Key forms (7:21): - 'avdah qrav (עבד קרב) = "made war" - 'im qaddishin (עם קדישׁין) = "with the saints" - yakhlah lehon (יכל + 3mp) = "prevailed against them"

Key forms (7:22): - 'atah (אתה) 'attiq yomayyah = "the Ancient of Days came" - dina (דין) y'hiv (יהב Pe'il) = "judgment was given" - l'qaddishey 'elyon (לקדישׁי עליון) = "to/for the saints of the Most High" - malkhuta (מלכו) hechesinu (חסן Haph'el Perf 3mp) qaddishin = "saints possessed the kingdom"

Dan 7:24¶

Key forms: - qarnayya 'asar minnah malkutah (קרניא עשׂר מנה מלכותה) = "the ten horns out of this kingdom" - 'asrah malkin y'qumun (עשׂרה מלכין יקמון) = "ten kings shall arise" - achoran y'qum achareyhon (אחרן יקום אחריהון) = "another shall arise after them" - hu yishnē (שׁנה Pe'al Impf 3ms) min qadmayya = "he shall be different from the former" - u-t'latah malkin y'hashpil (שׁפל Haph'el Impf 3ms) = "and shall bring low three kings" - NOTE: malkin (kings), not malkuwan (kingdoms) — horns ARE kings here

Dan 7:25¶

Previously parsed. Key forms: - u-millin (מלה) l'tsad (צד) 'illayah (עליא) y'mallil (מלל Pa'el Impf 3ms) = "he shall speak words against the Most High" - u-l'qaddishey (קדישׁ) 'elyon (עליון) y'valle (בלא Pa'el Impf 3ms) = "and shall wear out the saints of the Most High" — HAPAX bela - v'yisbar (סבר) l'hashnayah (שׁנה Haph'el InfCon) 'iddanin (עדן) v'dat (דת) = "and shall think to change times and law" — Haphel shanah - v'yit-y'havun (יהב Ithpe'el Impf 3mp) bi-ydeh (יד) = "and they shall be given into his hand" - 'ad 'iddan v''iddanin u-f'lag 'iddan (עד עדן ועדנין ופלג עדן) = "until a time, times, and half a time"

Dan 7:27¶

Key forms: - u-malkhutah v'sholtana u-r'vutah (מלכותה ושׁלטנא ורבותא) = "the kingdom and dominion and greatness" - di malkh'wat (מלכו fp Cst) t'chot kol sh'mayya (תחות כל שׁמיא) = "of the kingdoms under all heaven" - y'hivat (יהב Pe'il Perf 3fs) l''am qaddishey 'elyon (לעם קדישׁי עליון) = "shall be given to the people of the saints of the Most High" - malkhuteih malkhut 'alam (מלכותה מלכות עלם) = "his kingdom is an everlasting kingdom" - kol sholtanayyah leih yifl'chun v'yishtam'un (כל שׁלטניא לה יפלחון וישׁתמעון) = "all dominions shall serve and obey him"

Daniel 8 (Ram, He-goat, Little Horn)¶

Dan 8:9-14¶

Previously parsed. Key forms (selected): - min-ha-'achat mehem (מן האחת מהם) = "from one of them" — the little horn's origin - yatsah qeren-'achat mits'eirah (יצא קרן אחת מצעירה) = "came forth one horn, a little one" — HAPAX mits'eirah - vattigdal yether (ותגדל יתר) = "and it grew exceeding great" — yether scale - 'ad sar ha-tsava (עד שׂר הצבא) = "unto the prince of the host" - u-mimmenu hurum ha-tamid (וממנו הורם התמיד) = "and from him the daily was taken away" — Hophal rum - u-m'khon miqdasho hushlakh (ומכון מקדשׁו השׁלך) = "and the place of his sanctuary was cast down" - v'tsava tinnaten 'al-ha-tamid b'fesha (וצבא תנתן על התמיד בפשׁע) = "and a host was given against the daily by transgression" - 'ad matay he-chazon ha-tamid v'ha-pesha shomem (עד מתי החזון התמיד והפשׁע שׁמם) = "how long the vision, the daily, and the transgression of desolation" - 'ad 'erev boqer 'alpayim u-sh'losh me'ot (עד ערב בקר אלפים ושׁלשׁ מאות) = "unto 2300 evening-morning" - v'nitsdaq qodesh (ונצדק קדשׁ) = "then shall the sanctuary be vindicated/cleansed" — Niphal tsadaq

Dan 8:17¶

Key forms: - haven (בין Hiphil Impv 2ms) = "understand!" - ben-adam (בן אדם) = "son of man" - ki le-'eth qets (כי לעת קץ) = "for at the time of the end" - he-chazon (החזון) = "the vision"

Dan 8:23-27¶

Previously parsed. Key forms: - u-v'acharit malkutam (ובאחרית מלכותם) = "and in the latter time of their kingdom" - k'hatom ha-posh'im (כהתם הפשׁעים) = "when transgressors have come to the full" - ya'amod melekh 'az-paniym (יעמד מלך עז פנים) = "a king of fierce countenance shall arise" — 'az-paniym (only other occurrence: Deut 28:50) - u-mevin chidot (ומבין חידות) = "and understanding dark sentences" - v'hishchit nifla'ot (והשׁחית נפלאות) = "and shall destroy wonderfully" - v'hitsliach (והצליח) = "and shall prosper" - v''asah (ועשׂה) = "and do [his pleasure]" - v'hishchit 'atsumim v''am q'doshim (והשׁחית עצומים ועם קדשׁים) = "and shall destroy the mighty and the holy people" - v''al sikhlo (ועל שׂכלו) = "and through his policy" - v'hitsliach mirmah b'yado (והצליח מרמה בידו) = "craft shall prosper in his hand" - u-v'lvavo yagdil (ובלבבו יגדיל) = "and in his heart he shall magnify himself" - v''al sar sarim ya'amod (ועל שׂר שׂרים יעמד) = "he shall stand up against the Prince of princes" - v'ephes yad yishshaver (ואפס יד ישׁבר) = "he shall be broken without hand"

Daniel 9 (70 Weeks)¶

Dan 9:24¶

Previously parsed. Six infinitive constructs: 1. l'khallé (כלא) ha-pesha (הפשׁע) = "to finish/restrain the transgression" 2. u-l'chathem (חתם) chattatot (חטאות) = "to seal up sins" (variant: l'hatem = "to make an end of") 3. u-l'khapper (כפר) 'avon (עון) = "to make reconciliation for iniquity" 4. u-l'havi (בוא Hiphil) tsedheq 'olamim (צדק עולמים) = "to bring in everlasting righteousness" 5. v'la-chatom (חתם) chazon v'navi (חזון ונביא) = "to seal up vision and prophecy" 6. v'limshoch (משׁח) qodesh qodashim (קדשׁ קדשׁים) = "to anoint the Most Holy"

Also: shabu'im shiv'im nechtakh (שׁבעים שׁבעים נחתך) = "seventy sevens are determined [HAPAX chathak]"

Dan 9:25-26¶

Previously parsed. Key forms: - mashiach nagid (משׁיח נגיד) = "Messiah the Prince" / "an anointed one, a leader" - shabu'im shiv'ah (שׁבעים שׁבעה) = "seven sevens" (49 years) - v'shabu'im shishshim u-sh'nayim (ושׁבעים שׁשׁים ושׁנים) = "sixty-two sevens" (434 years) - yishshuv (שׁוב) v'nivn'tah (בנה Niphal) r'chov v'charuts (רחוב וחרוץ) = "shall be rebuilt, street and wall" - u-v'tsoq ha-'ittim (ובצוק העתים) = "in troublesome times" - v'acharey ha-shabu'im shishshim u-sh'nayim yikkareth mashiach (ואחרי השׁבעים שׁשׁים ושׁנים יכרת משׁיח) = "after sixty-two weeks Messiah shall be cut off" — karath Niphal - v'eyn lo (ואין לו) = "and shall have nothing" / "but not for himself"

Dan 9:27¶

Previously parsed. Key forms: - v'higbir (גבר Hiphil Perf 3ms) b'rit (ברית) la-rabbim (לרבים) = "and he shall confirm/strengthen [a/the] covenant with many" - shabu'a 'echad (שׁבוע אחד) = "one week" - v'chatsi ha-shabu'a (וחצי השׁבוע) = "in the midst of the week" - yashbit (שׁבת Hiphil) zevach u-minchah (זבח ומנחה) = "he shall cause sacrifice and offering to cease" - v''al k'naph shiqqusim m'shomem (ועל כנף שׁקוצים משׁמם) = "and upon the wing of abominations, desolating" - v''ad kalah (כלה) v'necheratsah (חרץ Niphal) tittakh (נתך) 'al shomem (על שׁמם) = "and until consummation and what is determined shall be poured upon the desolator"

Daniel 10-12 (Hellenistic Wars, Maskilim, Purification Triad)¶

Dan 11:3 (Alexander)¶

v''amad melekh gibbor u-mashal mimshal rav v''asah kir'tsono = "And a mighty king shall stand up, and shall rule with great dominion, and do according to his will [kir'tsono]"

Dan 11:5 (Ptolemy I + Seleucus I)¶

v'yechezaq melekh-ha-negev u-min-sarayv v'yechezaq 'alayv u-mashal mimshal rav memshalto = "the king of the south shall be strong, and one of his princes; and he shall be strong above him, and have dominion; his dominion shall be a great dominion" Key: double chazaq (be strong), mashal (rule) repeated — power language

Dan 11:6 (Berenice marriage ~252 BC)¶

u-l'qets shanim yitchabbaru u-vat melekh-ha-negev tavo 'el-melekh ha-tsafon la'asot mesharim = "at the end of years they shall join themselves together; the daughter of the king of the south shall come to the king of the north to make an agreement" Key: qets shanim (end of years), yitchabbaru (Hithpael: unite themselves), bat melekh (daughter of king), mesharim (uprightness/equity = treaty terms) She, her escorts (m'vi'eha), her child (ha-yold'dah), and her supporter (machaziqah) shall be given up (tinnathen)

Dan 11:10-11 (Battle of Raphia, 217 BC)¶

11:10: u-vanayv yitgaruw = "his sons shall be stirred up" 11:11: v'yitmarm'mar melekh ha-negev = "king of south shall be moved with rage" (Hithpael merar = "be bitter") v'nilcham 'immo = "and shall fight with him" v'he'emid hamon rav = "and he [king of north] shall set forth a great multitude" v'nittan he-hamon b'yado = "the multitude shall be given into his [king of south's] hand"

Dan 11:17 (Cleopatra I marriage)¶

v'yasem panayv lavo b'toqeph kol-malkuto = "he shall set his face to come with the strength of his whole kingdom" u-vat ha-nashim yitten-lo l'hashchitah = "and he shall give him the daughter of women to corrupt it/her" v'lo ta'amod v'lo-lo tihyeh = "she shall not stand, neither be for him"

Dan 11:21-22 (Antiochus IV rises)¶

Previously parsed. Key forms: - v''amad 'al-kanno nivzeh (ועמד על כנו נבזה) = "in his place shall stand up a contemptible one" - v'lo-nat'nu 'alayv hod malkut (ולא נתנו עליו הוד מלכות) = "they shall not give him the honor of the kingdom" - u-va (בוא) b'shalvah (בשׁלוה) v'hecheziq (חזק Hiphil) malkut ba-chalaqlaqot (מלכות בחלקלקות) = "he shall come in peaceably, and obtain the kingdom by flatteries" - u-z'ro'ot ha-sheteph (וזרעות השׁטף) yishshat'phu (שׁטף Niphal) mil'fanayv (מלפניו) = "the arms of the flood shall be swept away before him" - v'yishshaveru (שׁבר Niphal) = "and shall be broken" - v'gam nagid b'rit (וגם נגיד ברית) = "even the prince of the covenant" — nagid berith identified by PRET as Onias III

Dan 11:23 (Work deceitfully)¶

Key forms: - u-min-hitchabb'rut (חבר Hithpael) = "after the joining/alliance" - elaw (אליו) = "with him" - ya'aseh (עשׂה) mirmah (מרמה) = "he shall work deceitfully" - v'alah (עלה) = "and shall come up" - v''atsam (עצם) bi-m'at goy (במעט גוי) = "and shall become strong with a small people/nation"

Dan 11:31 (Abomination of desolation)¶

Previously parsed. Key forms: - u-z'ro'im (זרוע) mimmenu ya'amodu (עמד) = "arms [forces] shall stand on his part" - v'hill'lu (חלל Pi'el) ha-miqdash ha-ma'oz (המקדשׁ המעוז) = "they shall pollute the sanctuary, the fortress" - v'hesiru (סור Hiphil) ha-tamid (התמיד) = "and shall take away the daily" — NOTE: sur Hiphil here, vs. rum Hophal in 8:11 - v'nat'nu (נתן) ha-shiqquts m'shomem (השׁקוץ משׁמם) = "and they shall set up the abomination that maketh desolate"

Dan 11:33 (Maskilim — first link)¶

u-maskiley (שׂכל Hiphil Ptcp mp Cst) 'am yavinu la-rabbim = "and they that understand [maskilim] among the people shall instruct many" v'nikhsh'lu (כשׁל Niphal) b'cherev u-v'lehavah (בחרב ובלהבה) = "they shall fall by sword and flame" bi-sh'vi u-v'vizzah yamim (בשׁבי ובבזה ימים) = "by captivity and by spoil, for days"

Dan 11:35 (Maskilim — second link + purification triad)¶

u-min-ha-maskilim (ומן המשׂכילים) yikkash'lu (כשׁל Niphal) = "some of the wise shall fall" li-ts'rof (צרף) bahem (בהם) = "to refine among them" u-l'varer (ברר) = "and to purge" u-l'labben (לבן) = "and to make white" 'ad 'eth qets (עד עת קץ) = "until the time of the end" ki 'od la-mo'ed (כי עוד למועד) = "for it is yet for the appointed time"

Dan 11:36 (Self-exalting king)¶

Previously parsed. Key forms: - v''asah kir'tsono (ועשׂה כרצונו) ha-melekh (המלך) = "the king shall do according to his will" — kir'tsono chain link 4 - v'yitromem (רום Hithpo'el) = "shall exalt himself" - v'yitgaddel (גדל Hithpa'el) = "shall magnify himself" - 'al-kol-'el (על כל אל) = "above every god" - v''al 'el 'elim (ועל אל אלים) = "against the God of gods" - y'dabbēr nifla'ot (ידבר נפלאות) = "shall speak marvelous things" - v'hitsliyach (הצליח) 'ad kalah za'am (עד כלה זעם) = "shall prosper until the indignation is accomplished" - ki necheratsah (נחרצה) ne'estah (נעשׂתה) = "for what is determined shall be done"

Dan 11:40 (eth qets marker)¶

u-v'eth qets (ובעת קץ) = "and at the time of the end" yitnaggach (נגח Hithpa'el) 'immo melekh ha-negev = "the king of the south shall push at him" v'yis'arev (שׂער) 'alayv melekh ha-tsafon = "the king of the north shall come against him like a whirlwind" b'rikhev u-v'farashim u-v'oniyyot rabbot = "with chariots and horsemen and many ships"

Dan 11:45 (appeden hapax)¶

v'yitta' (נטע) 'aholeh 'apadenno (אפדנו = appeden + 3ms suffix) = "he shall plant the tents of his palace" beyn yammim (בין ימים) = "between the seas" l'har ts'vi-qodesh (להר צבי קדשׁ) = "to the glorious holy mountain" u-va (בוא) 'ad qitso (עד קצו) = "and he shall come to his end" v'eyn 'ozer lo (ואין עוזר לו) = "and none shall help him"

Dan 12:1-3 (Resurrection)¶

Previously parsed. Key forms: - u-va-'eth ha-hi (ובעת ההיא) = "and at that time" - ya'amod Mikha'el (יעמד מיכאל) = "Michael shall stand up" - ha-sar ha-gadol (השׂר הגדול) = "the great prince" - v'haytah 'eth tsarah (והיתה עת צרה) = "there shall be a time of trouble" - v'rabbim mi-yyesheney 'admat-'afar yaqitsu (ורבים מישׁני אדמת עפר יקיצו) = "many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake" - 'elleh l'chayyey 'olam (אלה לחיי עולם) = "some to everlasting life" - v''elleh la-charafot li-d'ra'on 'olam (ואלה לחרפות לדראון עולם) = "some to shame and everlasting contempt" — HAPAX PAIR dera'on - v'ha-maskilim (והמשׂכלים) = "and they that be wise" — maskilim chain link 3 - yaz'hiru (זהר Hiphil) k'zohar ha-raqia' (כזהר הרקיע) = "shall shine as the brightness of the firmament" - u-matsdiqey ha-rabbim (ומצדיקי הרבים) = "and they that turn many to righteousness" - ka-kokhavim l'olam va'ed (ככוכבים לעולם ועד) = "as the stars for ever and ever"

Dan 12:7 (Time, times, half)¶

Key forms: - l'mo'ed mo'adim va-chetsi (למועד מועדים וחצי) = "for a time, times, and a half" - u-kh'khallot nappets yad 'am-qodesh (וככלות נפץ יד עם קדשׁ) = "when the shattering of the power of the holy people shall be accomplished" - tiklaynah khol-'elleh (תכלינה כל אלה) = "all these things shall be finished"

Dan 12:10-13 (Purification triad — second occurrence)¶

Key forms (12:10): - yitbar'ru (ברר Hithpael) = "shall purify themselves" — barar - v'yitlabb'nu (לבן Hithpael) = "shall make themselves white" — laban - v'yitsar'fu (צרף Niphal) = "shall be refined" — tsaraph - v'hirshi'u r'sha'im (והרשׁיעו רשׁעים) = "the wicked shall do wickedly" - v'lo yavinu kol-r'sha'im (ולא יבינו כל רשׁעים) = "none of the wicked shall understand" - v'ha-maskilim (והמשׂכלים) yavinu (יבינו) = "but the wise shall understand" — maskilim chain link 4

Key forms (12:11): - u-me-'eth (ומעת) husar (סור Hophal) ha-tamid (התמיד) = "from the time the daily shall be taken away" - v'latheth (נתן) shiqquts shomem (שׁקוץ שׁממ) = "to set up the abomination that maketh desolate" - yamim 'eleph matayyim v'tish'im (ימים אלף מאתים ותשׁעים) = "1290 days"

Key forms (12:13): - v''attah lekh la-qets (ואתה לך לקץ) = "go your way to the end" - v'tanu'ach (נוח) = "you shall rest" - v'ta'amod (עמד) l'goralekha (לגרלך) = "you shall stand in your lot" - l'qets ha-yamim (לקץ הימים) = "at the end of the days"

Daniel 8:4 and kir'tsono chain (H7522)¶

Dan 8:4¶

ra'iti 'et-ha-'ayil m'naggēach yammah v'tsafonah v'negbah v'khol-chayyot lo-ya'amdu l'fanayv v'eyn matstsil mi-yyado v''asah khir'tsono v'higdil = "I saw the ram pushing westward, northward, and southward; no beasts could stand before him, none could deliver from his hand; he did according to his will [kir'tsono] and became great"

Dan 11:3¶

v''amad melekh gibbor u-mashal mimshal rav v''asah kir'tsono = "a mighty king shall stand, ruling with great dominion, doing according to his will [kir'tsono]"

Dan 11:16¶

v'ya'as ha-ba eylayv kir'tsono v'eyn 'omed l'fanayv = "he who comes against him shall do according to his will [kir'tsono], and none shall stand before him"

Dan 11:36¶

v''asah kir'tsono ha-melekh = "the king shall do according to his will [kir'tsono]"

Numbers 14:34 (Day-year text)¶

b'mispar ha-yamim 'asher-tartem 'et-ha-arets 'arba'im yom yom la-shanah yom la-shanah = "According to the number of the days in which you spied out the land, forty days, a day for a year, a day for a year" Key: yom la-shanah repeated — "a day for a year." The construction is specific to this penalty context.

Daniel 9:1 (Darius son of Ahasuerus)¶

bi-sh'nat 'achat l'Daryavesh ben-'Achashverosh mi-zera' Maday 'asher hamlakh 'al malkut Kasdim = "In the first year of Darius the son of Ahasuerus, of the seed of the Medes, who was made king over the realm of the Chaldeans" Key: hamlakh (מלך Hophal "was made king") — passive suggests he was installed by another authority, not self-crowned. mi-zera' Maday = "of the seed of Media" — explicitly Median lineage. ben-'Achashverosh — identifying his father as Ahasuerus.

Daniel 6:1 (= 5:31 in Hebrew numbering — Darius the Mede)¶

v'Daryavesh Mada'ah qabbel malkuta k'var sh'nin shittin v'tarteyn = "And Darius the Median received the kingdom, being about sixty-two years old" Key: Mada'ah (מדיא adj ms "Median"), qabbel (קבל Pa'el "received") — received the kingdom, not conquered it. k'var sh'nin = "about [like a son of] years sixty-two."

Daniel 3:5 (Musical instruments — Greek loanword evidence)¶

b''iddana di-tishm'un qal qarna mashroqita qathros sabb'kha p'sant'rin sumponyah v'khol z'ney z'mara = "At the time you hear the sound of the horn, pipe, zither, sambuca, psaltery, symphony, and all kinds of music"

Key instrument terms: - qarna (קרנא) = horn/cornet — Semitic - mashroqita (משׁרוקי) = pipe/flute — Semitic - qathros (קתרס) = zither — Greek loanword (κίθαρις/kitharis) - sabb'kha (שׂבכא) = sambuca — Greek loanword (σαμβύκη/sambykē) - p'sant'rin (פסנתרין) = psaltery — Greek loanword (ψαλτήριον/psaltērion) - sumponyah (סומפניה) = symphony — Greek loanword (συμφωνία/symphōnia)

CRIT dating argument: Three Greek musical instrument terms (qithros, psanterin, sumponyah) cited as evidence of post-Alexandrian composition. Counter: Persian loanwords (19) far outnumber Greek (3); Suchard (2023) argues Greek terms may represent code-switching rather than loanwords.