Word Studies¶

H4317 — מִיכָאֵל (Miyka'el / Michael)¶

Original: מִיכָאֵל Transliteration: Mîykâ'êl Part of Speech: Proper masculine noun Definition: "Who (is) like God?" — Mikael, name of an archangel and nine Israelites BLB Count: 13 occurrences

All Occurrences¶

NUM 13:13 (Asherite spy)
1CH 5:13,14 (Gadites)
1CH 6:25 (Gershonite Levite, listed as 6:40 in some editions)
1CH 7:3 (Issacharite)
1CH 8:16 (Benjamite)
1CH 12:21 (Manassite captain)
1CH 27:18 (father of Omri)
2CH 21:2 (son of Jehoshaphat)
EZR 8:8 (father of Zebadiah)
DAN 10:13 — "Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me"
DAN 10:21 — "Michael your prince"
DAN 12:1 — "Michael... the great prince which standeth for the children of thy people"
JUDE 1:9 (G3413) — "Michael the archangel"
REV 12:7 (G3413) — "Michael and his angels fought against the dragon"

Title Progression in Daniel¶

Dan 10:13: אַחַד הַשָּׂרִים הָרִאשֹׁנִים (echad ha-sarim ha-rishonim) — "one/first of the chief princes"
Dan 10:21: מִיכָאֵל שַׂרְכֶם (Miyka'el sarkhem) — "Michael your prince"
Dan 12:1: הַשַּׂר הַגָּדוֹל (ha-sar ha-gadol) — "THE great prince"

H8269 — שַׂר (sar)¶

Original: שַׂר Transliteration: sar Part of Speech: Masculine noun Definition: Head person (of any rank or class) — captain, chief, general, governor, lord, master, prince, ruler, steward BLB Count: 421 occurrences

Daniel Occurrences¶

DAN 1:7,8,9,10,11,18 — chief of eunuchs
DAN 8:11 — "prince of the host" (sar ha-tsava)
DAN 8:25 — "Prince of princes" (sar sarim)
DAN 9:6,8 — "our princes"
DAN 10:13 — "prince of the kingdom of Persia" (sar malkhut paras) + "chief princes" (ha-sarim ha-rishonim)
DAN 10:20 — "prince of Persia" + "prince of Grecia"
DAN 10:21 — "Michael your prince" (Miyka'el sarkhem)
DAN 11:5 — "one of his princes"
DAN 12:1 — "the great prince" (ha-sar ha-gadol)

G743 — ἀρχάγγελος (archangelos)¶

Original: ἀρχάγγελος Transliteration: archángelos Part of Speech: Masculine noun Definition: A chief angel; archangel BLB Count: 2 occurrences

Both Occurrences¶

1 Thess 4:16 — "with the voice of THE archangel (φωνῇ ἀρχαγγέλου)" — Note: anarthrous (no article), but the singular usage implies uniqueness
Jude 1:9 — "Michael THE archangel (ὁ ἀρχάγγελος)" — with definite article ὁ, identifying Michael as THE archangel

Cross-Reference¶

The LXX usage column shows archangelos linked to DAN 10:13, 10:20, 12:1, indicating early interpreters connected Daniel's Michael with the archangel title.

H5975 — עָמַד (amad)¶

Original: עָמַד Transliteration: 'amad Part of Speech: Verb Definition: To stand, in various relations — abide, appoint, arise, cease, confirm, continue, dwell, endure, establish, place, present, raise up, remain, set up, stand, stay, tarry BLB Count: 521 occurrences (595 in translation table)

CRITICAL: All Daniel Occurrences (Semantic Range Mapping)¶

DAN 1:4 — "might stand in the king's palace" (serve/attend)
DAN 8:18 — "set me upright" (physical)
DAN 8:22 — "four kingdoms shall stand up" (arise/emerge)
DAN 8:23 — "a king... shall stand up" (arise/emerge)
DAN 8:25 — "stand up against the Prince of princes" (oppose)
DAN 10:1 — amdi = "my standing/my place" (noun form)
DAN 10:11 — "stand upright" (physical)
DAN 10:13 — "withstood me" (oppose/resist — omed = Qal Ptcp)
DAN 10:17 — "there remained no strength" (remain)
DAN 10:21 — (implied by context)
DAN 11:1 — "I stood to confirm and to strengthen" (stand as support)
DAN 11:2 — "there shall stand up yet three kings" = BEGIN TO REIGN
DAN 11:3 — "a mighty king shall stand up" = BEGIN TO REIGN
DAN 11:4 — "when he shall stand up" = when at height of power
DAN 11:7 — "shall one stand up in his estate" = ARISE / SUCCEED
DAN 11:11 — "he shall not stand" = WITHSTAND / ENDURE
DAN 11:13 — "shall certainly come" (H5975 used differently)
DAN 11:14 — "many stand up against" = RISE AGAINST
DAN 11:14 — "exalt themselves to establish" = ESTABLISH
DAN 11:17 — "she shall not stand on his side" = REMAIN
DAN 11:20 — "shall stand up in his estate" = ARISE / SUCCEED
DAN 11:21 — "shall stand up a vile person" = ARISE / SUCCEED
DAN 11:25 — "he shall not stand" = WITHSTAND
DAN 11:31 — "arms shall stand on his part" = SUPPORT
DAN 12:1 — "Michael shall stand up" = ARISE / ACT (key debate)
DAN 12:13 — "thou shalt... stand in thy lot" = ARISE (resurrection)

Key Insight for Dan 12:1¶

In Dan 11:2,3,7,20,21 amad means "arise/begin to reign." The debate is whether Dan 12:1 carries the same meaning (Michael begins to reign) or shifts to "arise to deliver/defend" (standing up for his people). The participle ha-omed ("which standeth") in 12:1 uses a different form — present continuous standing, suggesting ongoing protection, while ya'amod ("shall stand up") introduces a new action.

H5057 — נָגִיד (nagiyd)¶

Original: נָגִיד Transliteration: nagiyd Part of Speech: Masculine noun Definition: Commander (civil, military, religious) — captain, chief, governor, leader, noble, prince, ruler BLB Count: 44 occurrences

Three Daniel Occurrences (Prince Chain)¶

DAN 9:25 — "unto the Messiah the Prince (mashiach nagiyd)" — Messianic
DAN 9:26 — "the people of the prince (nagiyd) that shall come" — Destructive prince
DAN 11:22 — "the prince of the covenant (nagiyd berith)" — Broken prince

Messianic Usage¶

ISA 55:4 — "I have given him for a... leader and commander (nagiyd) to the people" — clear messianic context

Key Insight¶

The nagiyd in DAN 11:22 ("prince of the covenant") connects lexically to DAN 9:25-26. If the nagiyd of 9:25 is Christ ("Messiah the Prince"), the nagiyd berith of 11:22 likely refers to Christ being "broken" (crucified), placing this event in the time of pagan Rome.

H2195 — זַעַם (za'am)¶

Original: זַעַם Transliteration: za'am Part of Speech: Masculine noun Definition: Froth at the mouth (figurative) — fury, especially of God's displeasure with sin — angry, indignation, rage BLB Count: 22 occurrences

Two Daniel Occurrences (Bracket)¶

DAN 8:19 — "in the last end of THE INDIGNATION (ha-za'am)" — defines the period
DAN 11:36 — "till THE INDIGNATION (za'am) be accomplished" — closes the period

All OT Occurrences¶

PSA 38:4; 69:25; 78:49; 102:11 | ISA 10:5,25; 13:5; 26:20; 30:27 | JER 10:10; 15:17; 50:25 | LAM 2:6 | EZK 22:24,31 | DAN 8:19; 11:36 | HOS 7:16 | NAH 1:6 | HAB 3:12 | ZEP 3:8

Key Insight¶

The za'am bracket (8:19 -> 11:36) creates a temporal inclusion: both define a period of divine indignation that has a determined end. This links the "king of fierce countenance" vision (Dan 8) with the "willful king" (Dan 11:36) as referring to the same timeframe and power.

H4581 — מָעוֹז (ma'oz)¶

Original: מָעוֹז Transliteration: ma'oz Part of Speech: Masculine noun Definition: Fortified place; figuratively, a defence — force, fortress, rock, strength, stronghold BLB Count: 37 occurrences

Nine Daniel 11 Occurrences (24% of all OT uses)¶

DAN 11:1 — "to confirm and to strengthen (ma'oz) him"
DAN 11:7 — "shall enter into the fortress (ma'oz) of the king of the north"
DAN 11:10 — "to his fortress (ma'oz)" (twice)
DAN 11:19 — "toward the fort (ma'oz) of his own land"
DAN 11:31 — "the sanctuary of strength (ha-miqdash ha-ma'oz)"
DAN 11:38 — "the God of forces (eloah ma'uzzim)" — UNIQUE usage
DAN 11:38 — (second occurrence in same verse context)
DAN 11:39 — "the most strong holds (ma'uzzey ma'uzzim)"

Key Insight: Dan 11:38 Shift¶

In all other Dan 11 occurrences, ma'oz means military fortress/stronghold. In 11:38, the construct "eloah ma'uzzim" (god of fortresses) shifts to a religious/worship context — a deity unknown to "his fathers." This unique religious innovation constrains identification: the power in question introduces a new form of worship involving gold, silver, precious stones.

H8548 — תָּמִיד (tamid)¶

Original: תָּמִיד Transliteration: tamid Part of Speech: Masculine noun Definition: Continuance; constant, daily, perpetual — the regular (daily) sacrifice BLB Count: 104 occurrences

All Daniel Occurrences¶

DAN 8:11 — "the daily (ha-tamid) was taken away"
DAN 8:12 — "against the daily (ha-tamid)"
DAN 8:13 — "the vision concerning the daily (ha-tamid)"
DAN 11:31 — "shall take away the daily (ha-tamid)"
DAN 12:11 — "the daily (ha-tamid) shall be taken away" (twice)

Key Insight¶

The same Hebrew word tamid appears in all these passages. The absence of the supplied word "sacrifice" in the KJV (shown in italics) is significant — the Hebrew says only "the continual/daily" (ha-tamid), not "the daily sacrifice." In sanctuary usage (Exo 29:38-42; Num 28:3-6), tamid refers to the regular burnt offering, but Daniel uses it without the noun "sacrifice," raising the question of what is being "taken away."

H8251 — שִׁקּוּץ (shiqquts)¶

Original: שִׁקּוּץ Transliteration: shiqquts Part of Speech: Masculine noun Definition: Disgusting, filthy; especially idolatrous or an idol — abominable filth, abomination, detestable thing BLB Count: 28 occurrences

Daniel Occurrences¶

DAN 9:27 — "the overspreading of abominations (shiqquts)"
DAN 11:31 — "the abomination (ha-shiqquts) that maketh desolate"
DAN 12:11 — "the abomination (shiqquts) that maketh desolate"

Key NT Echo¶

MAT 24:15 — βδέλυγμα (bdelygma, G946) τῆς ἐρημώσεως (eremosis, G2050) = "abomination of desolation" — Jesus quotes Daniel by name

H7093 — קֵץ (qets)¶

Original: קֵץ Transliteration: qets Part of Speech: Masculine noun Definition: An extremity; end, after — border, end, finite, process BLB Count: 67 occurrences

All Daniel Occurrences¶

DAN 8:17 — "at the time of the end (eth qets) shall be the vision" (x2)
DAN 8:19 — "at the time appointed the end (qets) shall be"
DAN 9:26 — "the end (qets) thereof shall be with a flood" (x2)
DAN 11:6 — "in the end (qets) of years"
DAN 11:13 — "after certain (qets) years"
DAN 11:27 — "the end (qets) shall be at the time appointed"
DAN 11:35 — "to the time of the end (eth qets)"
DAN 11:40 — "at the time of the end (eth qets)"
DAN 11:45 — "he shall come to his end (qitso)" — HIS end (with suffix)
DAN 12:4 — "the time of the end (eth qets)"
DAN 12:6 — "the end (qets) of these wonders"
DAN 12:9 — "the time of the end (eth qets)"
DAN 12:13 — "the end (la-qets)" + "the end (qets) of the days" (x2)

Key Insight¶

The phrase eth qets ("time of the end") is unique to Daniel (8:17; 11:35; 11:40; 12:4; 12:9). This is a PERIOD, not a single moment — shown by multiple events happening "at/during the time of the end." Dan 11:45 uses qitso ("HIS end") with possessive suffix, distinguishing the willful king's personal end from "the time of the end" as a broader period.

H995 — בִּין (biyn)¶

Original: בִּין Transliteration: biyn Part of Speech: Verb Definition: To separate mentally, distinguish, understand — attend, consider, be cunning, discern, instruct, know, perceive, be prudent, teach, understand BLB Count: 170 occurrences

All Daniel Occurrences (biyn Chain)¶

DAN 1:4 — "understanding (mevinim) science"
DAN 1:17 — "Daniel had understanding (binah) in all visions"
DAN 8:5 — "as I was considering (mevin)"
DAN 8:16 — "make this man to understand (haven) the vision" — COMMISSION
DAN 8:17 — "Understand (bin), O son of man"
DAN 8:23 — "understanding (mevin) dark sentences"
DAN 8:27 — "none understood (mevin) it" — FAILURE
DAN 9:2 — "I Daniel understood (binoti) by books" — RENEWED INITIATIVE
DAN 9:22 — "to give thee skill and understanding (lehaskil-kha binah)"
DAN 9:23 — "understand (bin) the matter, and consider (binah) the vision"
DAN 10:1 — "he understood (u-vin) the thing, and had understanding (u-vinah) of the vision (ba-mar'eh)" — RESOLUTION
DAN 10:11 — "understand (bin) the words"
DAN 10:12 — "set thine heart to understand (lehitbonen)"
DAN 10:14 — "make thee understand (lehivin-kha)"
DAN 11:30 — "have intelligence (yaven) with them that forsake the holy covenant"
DAN 11:33 — "they that understand (maskilim)" — uses sakal, not biyn
DAN 11:37 — "neither shall he regard (yavin)" — negative use
DAN 12:8 — "I heard, but I understood (lo binoti) not" — RENEWED QUESTION
DAN 12:10 — "the wise shall understand (yavinu)" — FINAL RESOLUTION

Key Insight¶

The biyn chain creates a narrative arc from Dan 8 to Dan 12: Commission to understand (8:16) -> Failure (8:27) -> Renewed initiative (9:2) -> Divine help (9:22-23) -> Partial resolution (10:1) -> Full resolution promised (12:10). This chain demonstrates that Dan 10-12 is the CONTINUATION and COMPLETION of the Dan 8 vision explanation, not a separate vision.

H1860 — דְּרָאוֹן (dera'on)¶

Original: דְּרָאוֹן Transliteration: dera'on Part of Speech: Masculine noun Definition: An object of aversion — abhorring, contempt BLB Count: 2 (THE RAREST — only 2 occurrences in entire Hebrew Bible)

Both Occurrences¶

DAN 12:2 — "some to shame and everlasting contempt (dir'on olam)"
ISA 66:24 — "they shall be an abhorring (dera'on) unto all flesh"

Key Insight¶

This is the rarest word connection in the Hebrew Bible. The author of Daniel deliberately chose this hapax-pair word to link Dan 12:2 with Isa 66:24. Isaiah's context is the final judgment scene — "their worm shall not die, neither shall their fire be quenched." Jesus quotes Isa 66:24 in Mark 9:43-48. The dual construct chains in Dan 12:2 (chayyei olam / dir'on olam = "everlasting life / everlasting contempt") echo the dual-outcome pattern of Matt 25:46.

H2782 — חָרַץ (charats)¶

Original: חָרַץ Transliteration: charats Part of Speech: Verb Definition: To point sharply, wound; figuratively, to decide — bestir, decide, decree, determine, maim, move BLB Count: 12 occurrences

Daniel Occurrences¶

DAN 9:26 — "desolations are determined (necheratsah)" — Niphal participle
DAN 9:27 — "that determined (necheratsah) shall be poured upon the desolate" — Niphal participle
DAN 11:36 — "that that is determined (necheratsah) shall be done" — Niphal participle

Key Insight¶

The identical Niphal participle necheratsah ("that which is determined/decreed") appears in Dan 9:26, 9:27, AND 11:36. This is a deliberate lexical link: the same divine decree that determines the desolation of Jerusalem (9:26-27) also determines the limit of the willful king's prosperity (11:36). The za'am + necheratsah combination in 11:36 says the willful king prospers only "till the indignation be accomplished: for that that is determined shall be done."

G946 — βδέλυγμα (bdelygma) + G2050 — ἐρήμωσις (eremosis)¶

G946: βδέλυγμα — a detestation, idolatry; abomination (6 NT occurrences) G2050: ἐρήμωσις — despoliation; desolation (3 NT occurrences)

NT "Abomination of Desolation"¶

MAT 24:15 — "the abomination (bdelygma) of desolation (eremosis), spoken of by Daniel the prophet"
MRK 13:14 — "the abomination (bdelygma) of desolation (eremosis)"
LUK 21:20 — "the desolation (eremosis) thereof is nigh" (without bdelygma)

H6663 — צָדַק (tsadaq) — Directive F¶

Original: צָדַק Transliteration: tsadaq Part of Speech: Verb Definition: To be (or make) right in a moral or forensic sense — cleanse, justify, be righteous BLB Count: 41 occurrences

Tsadaq Chain (Isa 53 -> Dan 8 -> Dan 12)¶

ISA 53:11 — yatsdiq (Hiphil) — "shall my righteous servant justify (yatsdiq) many"
DAN 8:14 — nitsdaq (Niphal) — "the sanctuary shall be cleansed/vindicated (nitsdaq)"
DAN 12:3 — matsdiqey (Hiphil Ptcp) — "they that turn many to righteousness (matsdiqey ha-rabbim)"

Key Insight¶

The Hiphil participle matsdiqey in Dan 12:3 ("those who justify/turn many to righteousness") lexically echoes the Hiphil yatsdiq in Isa 53:11 ("my servant shall justify many"). The word ha-rabbim ("the many") appears in both. This creates a canonical link: the Suffering Servant's justifying work (Isa 53) -> sanctuary vindication (Dan 8:14) -> eschatological reward of the wise who turn many to righteousness (Dan 12:3).

H6884 (tsaraph), H1305 (barar), H3835 (laban) — Directive B: Three Purification Verbs¶

H6884 צָרַף (tsaraph) — refine, smelt, try¶

33 occurrences; Daniel uses: 11:35 (Qal InfCon "to try") + 12:10 (Niphal Impf "shall be tried")

H1305 בָּרַר (barar) — purify, select, cleanse¶

18 occurrences; Daniel uses: 11:35 (Piel InfCon "to purge") + 12:10 (Hithpael Impf "shall be purified")

H3835 לָבַן (laban) — make white¶

8 occurrences; Daniel uses: 11:35 (Hiphil InfCon "to make white") + 12:10 (Hithpael Impf "shall be made white")

Key Insight¶

The IDENTICAL trio appears in both Dan 11:35 and 12:10, creating a structural bracket (inclusio) around the willful king section (11:36-12:9). In 11:35: infinitives ("to try, to purge, to make white") — purpose clause. In 12:10: finite verbs ("shall be purified, made white, and tried") — result clause. This bracket demonstrates that 11:36-12:9 is a self-contained pericope about the willful king, bounded by the same purification language.

H7751 — שׁוּט (shut) — Directive C¶

Original: שׁוּט Transliteration: shut Part of Speech: Verb Definition: To push forth; to lash (the sea with oars); to travel — go about, go through, go to and fro, mariner, rower, run to and fro BLB Count: 13 occurrences

Key Occurrences¶

DAN 12:4 — "many shall run to and fro (yeshotetu), and knowledge shall be increased"
AMOS 8:12 — "they shall run to and fro (yeshotetu) to seek the word of the LORD, and shall not find it"
2CH 16:9 — "the eyes of the LORD run to and fro (meshotetoth) throughout the whole earth"
ZEC 4:10 — "which run to and fro (meshotetim) through the whole earth"

Key Insight¶

The Amos 8:12 parallel is striking: people "run to and fro to seek the word of the LORD." In Dan 12:4, "run to and fro" appears in immediate context with "seal the book" (12:4a) and "knowledge shall be increased" (12:4b). The contextual reading: people search through the sealed book of Daniel, and prophetic knowledge increases in "the time of the end." This is about prophetic understanding, not modern travel or technology.

H4150 — מוֹעֵד (mo'ed)¶

Original: מוֹעֵד Transliteration: mo'ed Part of Speech: Masculine noun Definition: Appointment, fixed time, season, festival, congregation, assembly BLB Count: 223 occurrences

Daniel Occurrences¶

DAN 8:19 — "at the time appointed (la-mo'ed) the end shall be"
DAN 11:27 — "the end shall be at the time appointed (la-mo'ed)"
DAN 11:29 — "At the time appointed (la-mo'ed) he shall return"
DAN 11:35 — "it is yet for a time appointed (la-mo'ed)"
DAN 12:7 — "for a time (mo'ed), times (mo'adim), and a half (va-chetsi)"

Key Insight¶

Mo'ed means "divinely appointed time" — these are scheduled, not random. The phrase la-mo'ed qets (11:27,35) means "for the appointed time of the end" — God has a scheduled endpoint. Dan 12:7 uses mo'ed mo'adim va-chetsi: "an appointment, appointments, and a half" = time, times, and half a time = 3.5 prophetic years = 1260 days (day-year = 1260 years).