Word Studies¶
H2852 -- chathak (cut off / determine)¶
Original: חָתַךְ Transliteration: chathak Pronunciation: khaw-thak Part of Speech: verb BDB/BLB Definition: to cut off, determine, decree
CRITICAL: HAPAX LEGOMENON -- appears only in Dan 9:24 in the entire OT.
Definition (BLB): A primitive root; to determine. Only Dan 9:24.
Dan 9:24 Usage: "Seventy weeks are determined (nechtakh, Niphal passive) upon thy people..."
Lexical Note: The word's meaning is debated: - "Decree/determine" -- standard KJV/NASB translation, favored by FUT - "Cut off" -- favored by HIST, implying the 70 weeks are "cut off from" a larger period (the 2300 days) - FUT counter-argument: No preposition "from" (min) appears in the text. The Niphal passive simply means "are decreed/determined upon," not "cut off from." - Cognate evidence: Aramaic chathakh and Syriac parallels favor "determine/decree" as primary meaning
Compare with H2782 (charats): Also appears in Dan 9:26 ("desolations are determined") -- Daniel uses two different "determine" words.
H1285 -- beriyth (covenant)¶
Original: בְּרִית Transliteration: beriyth Pronunciation: ber-eeth Part of Speech: feminine noun Occurrences: 284 total; "covenant" (264x)
Definition: From H1262; a compact (made by cutting); a confederacy, covenant, league.
Dan 9:27 Usage: "And he shall confirm the covenant (berith) with many for one week."
Key Occurrences: Gen 15:18; Exo 24:7-8; Deu 5:2-3; 2Sa 7:12-16; Jer 31:31-34; Dan 9:4,27; 11:22,28,30,32.
Note: Dan 9:4 uses berith in Daniel's prayer ("keeping the covenant and mercy"), establishing the covenant theme within the chapter itself. The definite article does not appear in the Hebrew of 9:27 (higbir berith, not higbir ha-berith).
H3772 -- karath (cut off / make covenant)¶
Original: כָּרַת Transliteration: karath Pronunciation: kaw-rath Part of Speech: verb Occurrences: 288 total; "cut off" (145x), "make" (85x), "cut down" (9x)
Definition: A primitive root; to cut (off, down, or asunder); by implication, to destroy or consume; specifically, to covenant (i.e., make an alliance or bargain, originally by cutting flesh and passing between the pieces).
Dan 9:26 Usage: "And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off (yikkareth, Niphal), but not for himself."
Key Distinction: karath berith = the standard idiom "cut a covenant" (Gen 15:18; Exo 24:8). Dan 9:27 does NOT use karath berith but higbir berith -- a unique collocation.
H5057 -- nagiyd (prince / ruler / leader)¶
Original: נָגִיד Transliteration: nagiyd Pronunciation: naw-gheed Part of Speech: masculine noun Occurrences: 44 total; "ruler" (13x), "prince" (10x), "captain" (8x), "leader" (7x)
Definition: From H5046; a commander (as occupying the front), civil, military or religious; generally (abstractly, plural), honorable themes: captain, chief, excellent thing, governor, leader, noble, prince, ruler.
Dan 9:25 Usage: "unto Messiah the Prince (mashiach nagiyd)" -- apposition construction Dan 9:26 Usage: "the people of the prince (nagiyd) that shall come" -- participial subordinate construction
FUT Argument: These are two syntactically distinct figures: 1. mashiach nagiyd (9:25) = anointed ruler (Christ) 2. nagiyd habba (9:26) = "the coming prince" (future Antichrist)
The different syntactic constructions (apposition vs. participial subordinate) support reading them as distinct individuals.
H310 -- achar (after)¶
Original: אַחַר Transliteration: achar Pronunciation: akh-ar Part of Speech: adverb/preposition Occurrences: 225 total as "after"
Definition: From H309; properly, the hind part; generally used as an adverb or conjunction, after (in various senses).
Dan 9:26 Usage: "And after (acharey) threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off."
Gap Thesis Significance: FUT argues "after" places the events of 9:26 (Messiah cut off, city/sanctuary destroyed) in a temporal space AFTER week 69 but without assigning them to week 70. The gap between 69 and 70 is thus textually implied.
FUT Gap Precedents with achar: - Gen 15:14: "and afterward shall they come out with great substance" (400-year interval) - Hos 3:5: "Afterward shall the children of Israel return" (eschatological interval) - Isa 1:26: "afterward thou shalt be called the city of righteousness" (indeterminate interval)
Counter-observation: In a numbered countdown (7 + 62 + 1 = 70), "after 62" naturally means "in the 63rd" or "next in sequence." The gap reading requires that "after 62" =/= "in the 70th."
H1396 -- gabar (to be strong / prevail)¶
Original: גָּבַר Transliteration: gabar Pronunciation: gaw-bar Part of Speech: verb Occurrences: 25 total; "prevail" (7x), "strengthen" (3x), "great" (2x)
Definition: A primitive root; to be strong; by implication, to prevail, act insolently: confirm, be great, be mighty, prevail, put to more, strengthen, be stronger, be valiant.
Dan 9:27 Usage: "And he shall confirm (ve-higbir, Hiphil perfect) the covenant with many for one week."
Hiphil Form Analysis: The Hiphil of gabar + berith appears ONLY in Dan 9:27 in the entire OT. This is a unique collocation: - FUT reads: "impose/force a strong covenant" (political treaty) - HIST reads: "make strong/confirm the covenant" (messianic ratification)
Compare: The standard covenant-making idiom is karath berith ("cut a covenant"). higbir berith is linguistically unprecedented, making definitive determination of meaning difficult.
Rom 15:8 Comparison: bebaioo (G950) = "confirm/establish" -- "Christ was a minister of the circumcision... to confirm the promises made unto the fathers." This is HIST's strongest NT parallel to "confirm the covenant."
H7673 -- shabath (to cease / rest)¶
Original: שָׁבַת Transliteration: shabath Pronunciation: shaw-bath Part of Speech: verb Occurrences: 71 total; "cease" (47x), "rest" (11x), "away" (4x)
Definition: A primitive root; to repose, desist from exertion; to cease, celebrate, rest, keep sabbath.
Dan 9:27 Usage: "in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease (yashbith, Hiphil)."
H2856 -- chatham (to seal)¶
Original: חָתַם Transliteration: chatham Pronunciation: khaw-tham Part of Speech: verb Occurrences: 27 total; "seal" (17x), "sealed" (6x)
Definition: A primitive root; to close up; especially to seal: make an end, mark, seal (up), stop.
Dan 9:24 Usage: "to seal up (ve-lachtom) the vision and prophecy."
H4886 -- mashach (to anoint)¶
Original: מָשַׁח Transliteration: mashach Pronunciation: maw-shakh Part of Speech: verb Occurrences: 69 total; "anoint" (55x), "anointed" (12x)
Definition: A primitive root; to rub with oil, to anoint; by implication, to consecrate.
Dan 9:24 Usage: "and to anoint (ve-limeshoach) the most Holy (qodesh qodashim)."
Note: "Most Holy" (qodesh qodashim) typically refers to a place (the holy of holies), not a person. This creates the question: is the anointing of a person (Christ) or a place (the sanctuary)?
H6588 -- pesha (transgression)¶
Original: פֶּשַׁע Transliteration: pesha Pronunciation: peh-shah Part of Speech: masculine noun Occurrences: 93 total; "transgression" (46x), "trespass" (19x)
Definition: From H6586; a revolt (national, moral, or religious): rebellion, sin, transgression, trespass.
Dan 9:24 Usage: "to finish the transgression (ha-pesha)."
H2403 -- chattat / chatta'ah (sin / sin offering)¶
Original: חַטָּאָה / חַטָּאת Transliteration: chatta'ah / chattat Pronunciation: khat-taw-aw Part of Speech: feminine noun Occurrences: 296 total; "sin" (182x), "sin offering" (116x)
Definition: From H2398; an offence (sometimes habitual sinfulness), and its penalty, occasion, sacrifice, or expiation.
Dan 9:24 Usage: "and to make an end of sins (chatta'oth)."
H5771 -- avon (iniquity)¶
Original: עָוֹן Transliteration: avon Pronunciation: aw-vone Part of Speech: masculine noun Occurrences: 230 total; "iniquity" (203x), "punishment" (13x)
Definition: From H5753; perversity, moral evil: fault, iniquity, mischief, punishment (of iniquity), sin.
Dan 9:24 Usage: "and to make reconciliation for iniquity (avon)."
H6664 -- tsedeq (righteousness)¶
Original: צֶדֶק Transliteration: tsedeq Pronunciation: tseh-dek Part of Speech: masculine noun Occurrences: 119 total; "righteousness" (77x), "right" (11x), "just" (8x)
Definition: From H6663; the right (natural, moral or legal); also equity or prosperity: even, just, justice, righteous, righteously, righteous acts.
Dan 9:24 Usage: "and to bring in everlasting righteousness (tsedeq olamim)."
Note: tsedeq + olam (H5769, "everlasting") = "righteousness of ages/eternity." Rom 3:21-26 speaks of "the righteousness of God" now manifested.
H2377 -- chazon (vision)¶
Original: חָזוֹן Transliteration: chazon Pronunciation: khaw-zone Part of Speech: masculine noun Occurrences: 35 total; "vision" (32x)
Definition: From H2372; a sight (mentally), a dream, revelation, oracle.
Dan 9:24 Usage: "to seal up the vision (chazon) and prophecy."
Key Distinction: chazon (Dan 8:1,2,13,15,17,26; 9:24) = the comprehensive vision; mar'eh (Dan 8:26,27; 9:23) = the "appearance/sight" within the vision. The biyn chain connects Dan 8 to Dan 9 through Gabriel's return to explain the mar'eh.
H6944 -- qodesh (holy / sanctuary)¶
Original: קֹדֶשׁ Transliteration: qodesh Pronunciation: ko-desh Part of Speech: masculine noun Occurrences: 468 total; "holy" (100x), "sanctuary" (44x), "most" (14x)
Definition: From H6942; a sacred place or thing; consecrated, dedicated, hallowed, holiness, holy, saint, sanctuary.
Dan 9:24 Usage: "to anoint the most Holy (qodesh qodashim)."
Note: qodesh qodashim literally = "holy of holies." In the vast majority of OT uses, this phrase designates the most holy place (inner sanctuary), the altar, or most holy offerings -- not a person. Dan 9:24 is ambiguous: does "anoint the most Holy" mean anoint a person (the Messiah) or consecrate a place (the sanctuary)?
G3466 -- mysterion (mystery)¶
Original: μυστήριον Transliteration: mysterion Pronunciation: moos-tay-ree-on Part of Speech: neuter noun Occurrences: 27 total; "mystery" (27x)
Definition: From a derivative of muo (to shut the mouth); a secret or "mystery" (through the idea of silence imposed by initiation into religious rites).
Key Pauline Usage: - Eph 3:3-6: The mystery = Gentiles as fellowheirs - Eph 3:9: "the fellowship of the mystery, which from the beginning of the world hath been hid in God" - Rom 11:25: "this mystery... blindness in part is happened to Israel, until..." - Col 1:26-27: "the mystery which hath been hid from ages... Christ in you, the hope of glory" - 1 Cor 15:51: "I shew you a mystery; We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed"
FUT Argument: mysterion demonstrates the church was hidden in prior ages, invisible in OT prophecy. Dan 9:24 addresses "thy people" (Israel); the church age is a parenthesis.
Counter-Note: Eph 3:5 says the mystery "in other ages was not made known unto the sons of men, as it is now revealed" -- the qualifier "as" (hos) suggests degree of revelation, not total concealment.
G946 -- bdelygma (abomination)¶
Original: βδέλυγμα Transliteration: bdelygma Pronunciation: bdel-oog-mah Part of Speech: neuter noun Occurrences: 6 total; "abomination" (6x)
Definition: From G948; a detestation, an accursed thing, abomination.
Mat 24:15 Usage: "the abomination (bdelygma) of desolation (eremosis), spoken of by Daniel the prophet."
G2050 -- eremosis (desolation)¶
Original: ἐρήμωσις Transliteration: eremosis Pronunciation: er-ay-mo-sis Part of Speech: feminine noun Occurrences: 3 total; "desolation" (3x)
Definition: From G2049; despoliation, desolation.
Usage: Mat 24:15; Mrk 13:14; Luk 21:20. All three Synoptic references point back to Daniel.
G3485 -- naos (temple / shrine)¶
Original: ναός Transliteration: naos Pronunciation: nah-os Part of Speech: masculine noun Occurrences: 46 total; "temple" (35x), "shrines" (1x)
Definition: A fane, shrine, temple. Distinguished from hieron (G2411, the whole temple complex) -- naos specifically denotes the inner sanctuary.
2 Thess 2:4 Usage: "sitteth in the temple (naos) of God (tou theou), shewing himself that he is God."
FUT Argument: A literal person sitting in a literal temple requires a physical rebuilt Third Temple.
Counter-Evidence -- Every other Pauline usage of naos tou theou = the church: - 1 Cor 3:16-17: "Know ye not that ye are the temple (naos) of God" - 2 Cor 6:16: "ye are the temple (naos) of the living God" - Eph 2:21: "groweth unto an holy temple (naos) in the Lord"
FUT Defense: Context determines usage; 2 Thess 2:4 describes a physical action (sitting) by an unbeliever, unlike the metaphorical ecclesial contexts of 1 Cor/2 Cor/Eph.
G278 -- ametameletos (irrevocable / without repentance)¶
Original: ἀμεταμέλητος Transliteration: ametameletos Pronunciation: am-et-am-el-ay-tos Part of Speech: adjective Occurrences: 2 total; "without repentance" (Rom 11:29), "not to be repented of" (2 Cor 7:10)
Definition: Irrevocable.
Rom 11:29 Usage: "For the gifts and calling of God are without repentance (ametameleta)."
FUT Significance: God's gifts and calling to Israel are irrevocable. This is FUT's strongest Pauline text for maintaining a permanent Israel/Church distinction -- God has outstanding promises to ethnic Israel that cannot be revoked.
G950 -- bebaioo (confirm / establish)¶
Original: βεβαιόω Transliteration: bebaioo Pronunciation: beb-ah-yo-o Part of Speech: verb Occurrences: 8 total; "confirm" (2x), "stablish" (2x), "established" (1x)
Definition: From G949; to stabilitate, confirm, establish.
Rom 15:8 Usage: "Christ was a minister of the circumcision for the truth of God, to confirm (bebaioo, Aor Act Inf) the promises made unto the fathers."
Significance: HIST reads Dan 9:27 "he shall confirm (higbir) the covenant" as Christ's confirming work, paralleled by Rom 15:8's bebaioo. This connects the 70th week to Christ's ministry.
G601 -- apokalypto (reveal / uncover)¶
Original: ἀποκαλύπτω Transliteration: apokalypto Pronunciation: ap-ok-al-oop-to Part of Speech: verb Occurrences: 26 total; "reveal" (22x)
Definition: To take off the cover, disclose, reveal.
Eph 3:5 Usage: "Which in other ages was not made known unto the sons of men, as it is now revealed (apekalyph-the, Aor Pass Ind) unto his holy apostles and prophets by the Spirit."
G1991 -- episterizo (confirm / strengthen)¶
Original: ἐπιστηρίζω Transliteration: episterizo Pronunciation: ep-ee-stay-rid-zo Part of Speech: verb Occurrences: 4 total; Acts 14:22; 15:32; 15:41; 18:23
Definition: To support further, reestablish, confirm, strengthen.
Note: This is a different "confirm" word from bebaioo (G950). All occurrences describe strengthening/confirming believers, not covenant confirmation.
H2782 -- charats (to determine / decree)¶
Original: חָרַץ Transliteration: charats Pronunciation: khaw-rats Part of Speech: verb Occurrences: 12 total
Definition: To point sharply (literally wound); figuratively to be alert, decide -- bestir self, decide, decree, determine, maim, move.
Dan 9:26 Usage: "desolations are determined (neche-ratsah)" -- also Dan 9:27; 11:36. Dan 9:27 Usage: "that determined (neche-ratsah) shall be poured upon the desolate."
Significance: Daniel uses charats in 9:26-27 for "determined" events, distinct from chathak (H2852) in 9:24. Two different "determine/decree" words in the same passage suggests deliberate lexical choice.
H7620 -- shabua (week / seven)¶
Original: שָׁבוּעַ Transliteration: shabua Pronunciation: shaw-boo-ah Part of Speech: masculine noun Occurrences: 20 total; "weeks" (9x), "week" (3x), "of weeks" (4x)
Definition: Passive participle of H7650 as denominative of H7651; literally "sevened," a week (specifically of years).
Dan 9 Usage: shabua appears 7 times in Dan 9:24-27 plus Dan 10:2-3 (where Daniel mourns "three full weeks" = shabuim yamim, "weeks of days," distinguishing day-weeks from the year-weeks of ch. 9).
Key Occurrences: Gen 29:27-28 (Laban's week of years); Deu 16:9-10 (Feast of Weeks); Jer 5:24 (appointed weeks of harvest).
H1504 -- gazar (cut off / divide / decree)¶
Original: גָּזַר Transliteration: gazar Pronunciation: gaw-zar Part of Speech: verb Occurrences: 13 total; "cut off" (5x), "divide" (2x), "decree" (1x)
Definition: A primitive root; to cut down or off; figuratively to destroy, divide, exclude, or decide.
Significance: Compare with chathak (H2852). Both carry meanings of "cut off" and "decree/decide." Isa 53:8 uses gazar: "he was cut off (nigzar) out of the land of the living" -- the same verb applied to Messiah's death. This creates a verbal link: Dan 9:26 karath (cut off) + Isa 53:8 gazar (cut off) describe the same event.
H5769 -- olam (everlasting / eternity)¶
Original: עוֹלָם Transliteration: olam Pronunciation: o-lawm Part of Speech: masculine noun Occurrences: 439 total; "for ever" (198x), "ever" (70x), "everlasting" (56x)
Definition: Properly concealed, the vanishing point; practically eternity.
Dan 9:24 Usage: "to bring in everlasting (olam) righteousness" -- tsedeq olamim (plural).
H4150 -- mowed (appointed time / feast)¶
Original: מוֹעֵד Transliteration: mowed Pronunciation: mo-ade Part of Speech: masculine noun Occurrences: 223 total; "congregation" (146x), "feast/feasts" (17x), "appointed time" (12x)
Definition: An appointment, fixed time, season; a festival; an assembly convened for a definite purpose; the congregation; a signal.
Dan 8:19 Usage: "at the time appointed (mowed) the end shall be." Dan 11:27,29,35 Usage: Repeated "time appointed" references.
Significance: The concept of "appointed times" in Daniel connects to the prophetic calendar framework. mowed carries both temporal (scheduled time) and cultic (festival) meanings.
H8059 -- shemittah (release)¶
Original: שְׁמִטָּה Transliteration: shemittah Pronunciation: shem-it-taw Part of Speech: feminine noun Occurrences: 5 total; "release" (4x)
Definition: From H8058; remission (of debt) or suspension of labor.
Occurrences: Deu 15:1,2,9; 31:10.
Significance: The sabbatical-year "release" concept provides the structural framework for Dan 9:24's 70 x 7 = 490 years. The sabbatical year (every 7th year) involved release of debts and rest for the land. 70 sabbatical years = 490 years of accumulated land-rest violations (2Ch 36:21).
G4376 -- prosphora (offering / oblation)¶
Original: προσφορά Transliteration: prosphora Pronunciation: pros-for-ah Part of Speech: feminine noun Occurrences: 9 total; "offering" (5x in Heb 10)
Definition: Presentation; concretely an oblation (bloodless) or sacrifice.
Heb 10 Usage: - 10:5,8: "Sacrifice and offering (prosphora) thou wouldest not" - 10:10: "we are sanctified through the offering (prosphora) of the body of Jesus Christ once for all" - 10:14: "For by one offering (prosphora) he hath perfected for ever them that are sanctified" - 10:18: "there is no more offering (prosphora) for sin"
Significance: Hebrews' "one offering" language directly addresses Dan 9:27's cessation of sacrifice. If Christ's single offering ended the sacrificial system, then Dan 9:27 describes Christ causing sacrifice to cease -- not a future Antichrist stopping temple worship.
G2378 -- thysia (sacrifice)¶
Original: θυσία Transliteration: thysia Pronunciation: thoo-see-ah Part of Speech: feminine noun Occurrences: 29 total; "sacrifice" (22x)
Definition: Sacrifice (the act or the victim, literally or figuratively).
Key Usage: Heb 9:26 "to put away sin by the sacrifice (thysia) of himself"; Heb 10:12 "one sacrifice (thysia) for sins for ever."
H309 -- achar (to delay / defer)¶
Original: אָחַר Transliteration: achar (verb) Pronunciation: aw-khar Part of Speech: verb Occurrences: 17 total; "tarry" (3x), "defer" (2x), "delay" (1x)
Definition: A primitive root; to loiter (be behind); by implication to procrastinate -- continue, defer, delay, hinder, be late, stay, tarry.
Dan 9:19 Usage: "defer not (al-te'achar), for thine own sake, O my God."
Note: This is the verbal root of the preposition achar (H310, "after"). The verbal form in Dan 9:19 ("do not delay") creates an ironic connection: Daniel prays God will not delay, but FUT reads a delay (gap) into the very prophecy Gabriel gives in response.
H2380 -- chazuwth (vision / compact)¶
Original: חָזוּת Transliteration: chazuwth Pronunciation: khaw-zooth Part of Speech: feminine noun
Definition: A look; hence (figuratively) striking appearance, revelation, or (by implication) compact. Variant of chazon (H2377).
Note: Some scholars distinguish chazuwth from chazon in Dan 9:24, though both derive from the same root (chazah, to see). The dual form in "seal up vision (chazon) and prophet" may indicate the comprehensive prophetic revelation.