Raw Hebrew/Aramaic Parsing Data¶

Daniel 7:3 — Four Diverse Beasts¶

וְאַרְבַּ֤ע חֵיוָן֙ רַבְרְבָ֔ן סָלְקָ֖ן מִן־יַמָּ֑א שָׁנְיָ֖ן דָּ֥א מִן־דָּֽא׃

Key: שָׁנְיָ֖ן (shanyan) = שׁנה Verb.peal.Ptcp.fp.Abs "be different"
- Pe'al stem = INTRANSITIVE: the beasts ARE different (from each other)

Daniel 7:7 — Fourth Beast (Diverse)¶

Key: מְשַׁנְּיָ֗ה (meshannya) = שׁנה Verb.pael.Ptcp.fs.Abs "be different"
- Pa'el stem (passive participle) = different from all beasts before it
- Iron teeth (פַרְזֶ֥ל = iron), devouring (אכל), crushing (דקק Haph'el), trampling (רפס)
- Ten horns (קַרְנַ֥יִן עֲשַׂ֖ר)

Daniel 7:8 — Little Horn Specification¶

מִשְׂתַּכַּ֨ל הֲוֵ֜ית בְּקַרְנַיָּ֗א (I was considering the horns)
וַ֠אֲלוּ קֶ֣רֶן אָחֳרִ֤י זְעֵירָה֙ סִלְקָ֣ת בֵּֽינֵיהֵ֔ן (and behold another horn, small, came up among them)
וּתְלָ֗ת מִן־קַרְנַיָּא֙ קַדְמָ֣יָתָ֔א אֶתְעֲקַ֖רָה מִן־קֳדָמַ֑הּ (and three of the first horns were plucked up before it)

Key terms:
- קֶ֣רֶן אָחֳרִ֤י זְעֵירָה֙ = horn another small (fs adjectives)
- סִלְקָ֣ת = סלק Verb.peal.Perf.3fs "go up" — came up
- קַדְמָ֣יָתָ֔א = קדמי Adj.fp "first" — the first/former horns
- אֶתְעֲקַ֖רָה = עקר Verb.etpe.Perf.3fp "pluck out" — were uprooted
- עַיְנִ֜ין כְּעַיְנֵ֤י אֲנָשָׁא֙ = eyes like the eyes of mankind
- פֻ֖ם מְמַלִּ֥ל רַבְרְבָֽן = mouth speaking great (things) — pael participle

Daniel 7:9 — Judgment Scene: Thrones Set¶

חָזֵ֣ה הֲוֵ֗ית עַ֣ד דִּ֤י כָרְסָוָן֙ רְמִ֔יו

Key terms:
- כָרְסָוָן֙ = כרסא Noun.mp.Abs "throne" (PLURAL thrones)
- רְמִ֔יו = רמה Verb.peil.Perf.3mp "throw" — Peil = PASSIVE: thrones were SET/PLACED
  (Not "cast down" — the passive form means "were placed/set up")
- עַתִּ֥יק יֹומִ֖ין = old of days = "Ancient of Days"
- יְתִ֑ב = יתב Verb.peal.Perf.3ms "sit" — took His seat
- לְבוּשֵׁ֣הּ כִּתְלַ֣ג חִוָּ֗ר = His garment like snow white
- שְׂעַ֤ר רֵאשֵׁהּ֙ כַּעֲמַ֣ר נְקֵ֔א = hair of His head like pure wool
- כָּרְסְיֵהּ֙ שְׁבִיבִ֣ין דִּי־נ֔וּר = His throne flames of fire
- גַּלְגִּלֹּ֖והִי נ֥וּר דָּלִֽק = His wheels burning fire

Daniel 7:10 — Books Opened¶

Key terms:
- נְהַ֣ר דִּי־נ֗וּר = river of fire
- אֶ֤לֶף אַלְפִין֙ = thousand thousands
- יְשַׁמְּשׁוּנֵּ֔הּ = שׁמשׁ Verb.pael.Impf.3mp+3ms "served Him"
- רִבֹּ֥ו רִבְבָ֖ן = myriad myriads
- יְקוּמ֑וּן = קום Verb.peal.Impf.3mp "stood"
- דִּינָ֥א יְתִ֖ב = דין Noun.ms "judgment" + יתב "sat" — the court/judgment SAT
- סִפְרִ֥ין פְּתִֽיחוּ = ספר Noun.mp "books" + פתח Verb.peil.Perf.3mp "were opened"

Daniel 7:13 — Son of Man Direction¶

Key terms (CRITICAL for direction of movement):
- עִם־עֲנָנֵ֣י שְׁמַיָּ֔א = WITH clouds of heaven (עם = with)
- כְּבַ֥ר אֱנָ֖שׁ = like a son of mankind
- אָתֵ֣ה הֲוָ֑ה = אתה Verb.peal.Ptcp.ms + הוה Perf.3ms "was coming"
- וְעַד־עַתִּ֤יק יֹֽומַיָּא֙ = AND UNTO (עַד = unto/toward) the Ancient of Days
- מְטָ֔ה = מטא Verb.peal.Perf.3ms "came/arrived" — He ARRIVED (at the Ancient of Days)
- וּקְדָמֹ֖והִי = and BEFORE HIM (before the Ancient of Days)
- הַקְרְבֽוּהִי = קרב Verb.haf.Perf.3mp+3ms "they brought Him near"

DIRECTION: Three indicators all point TOWARD the Ancient of Days:
1. עַד (unto/toward) — moving TO the Ancient of Days
2. מְטָה (arrived) — reached the destination (the Ancient of Days)
3. הַקְרְבוּהִי (they brought Him near) — presented BEFORE the Ancient of Days
This is NOT movement toward earth but toward God in a heavenly scene.

Daniel 7:14 — Everlasting Dominion¶

Key terms:
- יְהִ֤יב = יהב Verb.peil.Perf.3ms "was given" (PASSIVE — given by God)
- שָׁלְטָן֙ = שׁלטן Noun.ms "authority/dominion"
- וִיקָ֣ר = יקר Noun.ms "dignity/honor"
- וּמַלְכ֔וּ = מלכו Noun.fs "kingdom"
- כֹ֣ל עַֽמְמַיָּ֗א אֻמַיָּ֛א וְלִשָּׁנַיָּ֖א = all peoples, nations, and tongues
- יִפְלְח֑וּן = פלח Verb.peal.Impf.3mp "shall serve"
- שָׁלְטָ֤ן עָלַם֙ = dominion of eternity
- דִּֽי־לָ֣א יֶעְדֵּ֔ה = which shall NOT pass away (עדה = go/pass)
- מַלְכוּתֵ֖הּ דִּי־לָ֥א תִתְחַבַּֽל = His kingdom which shall NOT be destroyed (חבל Hitpa'el)

Daniel 7:19-20 — Fourth Beast Detail¶

7:19: שָֽׁנְיָ֖ה = שׁנה Verb.peal.Ptcp.fs "different" (Pe'al = intransitive)
7:20: פֻם֙ מְמַלִּ֣ל רַבְרְבָ֔ן = mouth speaking great things (pael ptcp)
      חֶזְוַ֖הּ רַ֥ב מִן־חַבְרָתַֽהּ = its appearance greater than its fellows

Daniel 7:21-22 — Horn Prevails Until Judgment¶

7:21: עָבְדָ֥ה קְרָ֖ב עִם־קַדִּישִׁ֑ין = was making war WITH the holy ones
      וְיָכְלָ֖ה לְהֹֽון = and prevailing AGAINST them

7:22: עַ֣ד דִּֽי־אֲתָ֗ה עַתִּיק֙ יֹֽומַיָּ֔א = UNTIL the Ancient of Days CAME
      וְדִינָ֣א יְהִ֔ב = and judgment was GIVEN
      לְקַדִּישֵׁ֖י עֶלְיֹונִ֑ין = TO/FOR the holy ones of the Most High
      וּמַלְכוּתָ֖א הֶחֱסִ֥נוּ קַדִּישִֽׁין = and the holy ones POSSESSED the kingdom

Daniel 7:23 — Fourth Kingdom¶

תִשְׁנֵ֖א = שׁנה Verb.peal.Impf.2ms "be different" (Pe'al = intransitive)
— The fourth kingdom SHALL BE DIFFERENT from all kingdoms

Daniel 7:24 — Ten Horns and Another¶

Key terms:
- עַשְׂרָ֥ה מַלְכִ֖ין יְקֻמ֑וּן = ten kings shall arise
- אָחֳרָ֞ן יְק֣וּם אַחֲרֵיהֹ֗ון = another shall arise AFTER them
- יִשְׁנֵא֙ = שׁנה Verb.peal.Impf.3ms "be different" (Pe'al)
- מִן־קַדְמָיֵ֔א = from the FIRST (קדמי Adj.mp "first/former")
- תְלָתָ֥ה מַלְכִ֖ין יְהַשְׁפִּֽל = three kings he shall HUMBLE/SUBDUE (שׁפל Haph'el)

NOTE on קַדְמָיֵ֔א: The same word is used for "first" (Dan 7:8 קַדְמָ֣יָתָ֔א fp "the first horns") and potentially "former." PRET reads this as "former kings" (sequential), HIST/FUT read as "the first [ten]."

Daniel 7:25 — Change Times and Law (CRITICAL VERSE)¶

Full parsed:
- מִלִּ֗ין לְצַ֤ד עִלָּאָה֙ יְמַלִּ֔ל = words against the Most High he shall speak
  (מלל pael.Impf.3ms; עליא = highest)
- לְקַדִּישֵׁ֥י עֶלְיֹונִ֖ין יְבַלֵּ֑א = the holy ones of the Most High he shall WEAR OUT
  (בלה pael.Impf.3ms — Pa'el = INTENSIVE; Imperfect = ONGOING)
- וְיִסְבַּ֗ר = and he shall INTEND/THINK (סבר peal.Impf.3ms — HAPAX)
- לְהַשְׁנָיָה֙ = TO CHANGE (שׁנה haf.InfCon — Haph'el INFINITIVE CONSTRUCT)
- זִמְנִ֣ין = times (זמן Noun.mp)
- וְדָ֔ת = AND LAW (דת Noun.fs.Abs — ABSOLUTE form = divine law per BDB)
- וְיִתְיַהֲב֣וּן בִּידֵ֔הּ = and they shall be given into his hand
  (יהב htpe.Impf.3mp — Hitpe'el passive)
- עַד־עִדָּ֥ן וְעִדָּנִ֖ין וּפְלַ֥ג עִדָּֽן = until a time and times and half a time

CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS:
1. יִסְבַּר (sbar) = INTEND, not accomplish — suggests the effort may not fully succeed
2. לְהַשְׁנָיָה (lehashnayah) = Haph'el infinitive construct — CAUSATIVE change
   Same stem as Dan 2:21 where GOD changes times (divine prerogative)
3. דָת (dat) = ABSOLUTE form = divine law (BDB category 3)
4. יְבַלֵּא (yeballe) = Pa'el imperfect — INTENSIVE ongoing wearing out

Daniel 7:27 — Kingdom to Saints¶

- מַלְכוּתֵהּ֙ מַלְכ֣וּת עָלַ֔ם = His kingdom is a kingdom of eternity
- כֹל֙ שָׁלְטָ֣נַיָּ֔א = all dominions/authorities
- לֵ֥הּ יִפְלְח֖וּן = shall SERVE Him (פלח peal.Impf.3mp)
- וְיִֽשְׁתַּמְּעֽוּן = and shall OBEY (שׁמע htpa.Impf.3mp)

Daniel 2:21 — Divine Prerogative (Haph'el Shanah)¶

- מְהַשְׁנֵ֤א = שׁנה Verb.haf.Ptcp.ms "changing" — Haph'el PARTICIPLE
  GOD is the one who changes (מְהַשְׁנֵא) times (עדנין) and seasons (זמנין)
- מְהַעְדֵּ֥ה מַלְכִ֖ין = removing kings (עדה Haph'el)
- וּמְהָקֵ֣ים מַלְכִ֑ין = and setting up kings (קום Haph'el)

CRITICAL: Dan 2:21 uses the SAME Haph'el stem of שׁנה as Dan 7:25.
- 2:21: God CHANGES (מְהַשְׁנֵא) times — DIVINE PREROGATIVE
- 7:25: Horn THINKS TO CHANGE (יִסְבַּר לְהַשְׁנָיָה) times — USURPATION
The identical Haph'el stem creates a deliberate lexical link: the horn attempts what only God does.

Daniel 4:16 — Shanah in Pa'el¶

This verse (Dan 4:16 in KJV = Dan 4:13 in Aramaic) discusses Daniel's response to Nebuchadnezzar's dream.
The shanah Pa'el form (יְשַׁנּוֺן Dan 4:13/16) means "change" transitively — "let his heart be changed from man's."
This is Pa'el (transitive change of someone else's state), NOT Haph'el (causative alteration of established order).

Isaiah 24:5 — Changed the Ordinance¶

Hebrew parsing:
- עָבְר֤וּ תֹורֹת֙ = they have transgressed (עבר Qal.Perf.3p) the laws (תורה fp)
- חָ֣לְפוּ חֹ֔ק = they have changed (חלף Qal.Perf.3p) the ordinance (חק ms)
- הֵפֵ֖רוּ בְּרִ֥ית עֹולָֽם = they have broken (פרר Hiphil.Perf.3p) the everlasting (עולם) covenant (ברית)

NOTE: Different Hebrew root (חלף = come after, pass through, change) than Aramaic שׁנה,
but the conceptual parallel is striking: transgressing laws, changing ordinance, breaking everlasting covenant.