Raw Greek Parsing Data
Matthew 21:44 (Stone Grinding - likmao)
καὶ ὁ πεσὼν ἐπὶ τὸν λίθον τοῦτον συνθλασθήσεται· ἐφ' ὃν δ' ἂν πέσῃ, λικμήσει αὐτόν.
Key words:
- πεσὼν (peson) = πίπτω G4098, Aorist Active Participle Nom Sg M = "the one having fallen"
- λίθον (lithon) = λίθος G3037, Accusative Sg M = "stone"
- συνθλασθήσεται (synthlasthesetai) = συνθλάω G4917, Future Passive Indicative 3S = "will be broken/shattered"
- πέσῃ (pese) = πίπτω G4098, Aorist Active Subjunctive 3S = "it should fall"
- λικμήσει (likmesei) = λικμάω G3039, Future Active Indicative 3S = "it will grind to powder"
CRITICAL: likmao (G3039) = SAME WORD used in LXX Dan 2:44. Jesus deliberately echoes Daniel's stone language.
Two actions: (1) falling ON the stone = broken; (2) stone falling ON someone = ground to powder.
1 Peter 2:4-8 (Stone Synthesis)
1 Pet 2:4: πρὸς ὃν προσερχόμενοι, λίθον ζῶντα, ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων μὲν ἀποδεδοκιμασμένον παρὰ δὲ Θεῷ ἐκλεκτὸν ἔντιμον
- λίθον ζῶντα = "living stone" (lithos G3037 + zao G2198 Present Active Participle)
- ἀποδεδοκιμασμένον = ἀποδοκιμάζω G593, Perfect Passive Participle = "having been rejected" (completed action with ongoing results)
- ἐκλεκτὸν ἔντιμον = "chosen, precious" (adjectives)
1 Pet 2:6: διότι περιέχει ἐν γραφῇ Ἰδοὺ τίθημι ἐν Σιὼν λίθον ἐκλεκτὸν ἀκρογωνιαῖον ἔντιμον
- τίθημι = G5087, Present Active Indicative 1S = "I lay/place" (quoting Isa 28:16)
- ἀκρογωνιαῖον = ἀκρογωνιαῖος G204 = "chief corner" (akrogoniaios)
- οὐ μὴ καταισχυνθῇ = "shall not be ashamed" (double negative + Aorist Passive Subjunctive = emphatic denial)
1 Pet 2:7: λίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες, οὗτος ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας
- ἀπεδοκίμασαν = ἀποδοκιμάζω G593, Aorist Active Indicative 3P = "rejected" (quoting Psa 118:22)
- οἰκοδομοῦντες = οἰκοδομέω G3618, Present Active Participle = "the builders"
- ἐγενήθη = γίνομαι G1096, Aorist Passive Indicative 3S = "became"
- κεφαλὴν γωνίας = "head of the corner" (cornerstone)
1 Pet 2:8: καὶ λίθος προσκόμματος καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου
- λίθος προσκόμματος = "stone of stumbling" (lithos G3037 + proskomma G4348) (quoting Isa 8:14)
- πέτρα σκανδάλου = "rock of offense" (petra G4073 + skandalon G4625)
- ἀπειθοῦντες = ἀπειθέω G544, Present Active Participle = "being disobedient"
- ἐτέθησαν = τίθημι G5087, Aorist Passive Indicative 3P = "were appointed"
SYNTHESIS: Peter weaves THREE OT stone texts: Isa 28:16 (foundation), Psa 118:22 (rejected cornerstone), Isa 8:14 (stumbling stone). All applied to Christ in the FIRST ADVENT.
Ephesians 2:14-16 (Wall Broken, One New Man)
Eph 2:14: Αὐτὸς γάρ ἐστιν ἡ εἰρήνη ἡμῶν, ὁ ποιήσας τὰ ἀμφότερα ἓν καὶ τὸ μεσότοιχον τοῦ φραγμοῦ λύσας
- ποιήσας = ποιέω G4160, Aorist Active Participle = "having made" (completed action)
- τὰ ἀμφότερα ἓν = "the both one" = made both groups one
- μεσότοιχον τοῦ φραγμοῦ = "middle wall of the partition/fence" (mesotoichon G3320 + phragmos G5418)
- λύσας = λύω G3089, Aorist Active Participle = "having broken down/loosed"
- τὴν ἔχθραν = "the enmity" (echthra G2189)
Eph 2:15: τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐντολῶν ἐν δόγμασιν καταργήσας, ἵνα τοὺς δύο κτίσῃ ἐν αὑτῷ εἰς ἕνα καινὸν ἄνθρωπον
- καταργήσας = καταργέω G2673, Aorist Active Participle = "having rendered inoperative/abolished"
- κτίσῃ = κτίζω G2936, Aorist Active Subjunctive 3S = "he might create"
- ἕνα καινὸν ἄνθρωπον = "one new man" (heis kainos anthropos)
Eph 2:16: καὶ ἀποκαταλλάξῃ τοὺς ἀμφοτέρους ἐν ἑνὶ σώματι τῷ Θεῷ διὰ τοῦ σταυροῦ
- ἀποκαταλλάξῃ = ἀποκαταλλάσσω G604, Aorist Active Subjunctive 3S = "he might reconcile"
- ἐν ἑνὶ σώματι = "in one body"
- διὰ τοῦ σταυροῦ = "through the cross"
- ἀποκτείνας τὴν ἔχθραν = "having killed the enmity" (Aorist Active Participle)
CRITICAL FOR ISRAEL/CHURCH DISTINCTION: All aorist participles = completed action. The wall IS broken. The two ARE made one. The new man HAS BEEN created. This challenges any reading that maintains a fundamental Israel/Church distinction.
Matthew 12:28 (Kingdom Has Come - ephthasen)
εἰ δὲ ἐν Πνεύματι Θεοῦ ἐγὼ ἐκβάλλω τὰ δαιμόνια, ἄρα ἔφθασεν ἐφ' ὑμᾶς ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ.
Key words:
- ἔφθασεν (ephthasen) = φθάνω G5348, Aorist Active Indicative 3S = "has come/arrived"
** CRITICAL: Aorist indicative = completed action. The kingdom HAS COME (already arrived), not "is coming" or "will come." **
** This is the strongest inaugurated-kingdom text in the Gospels. **
- ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ = "the kingdom of God" (basileia G932)
- ἐκβάλλω = Present Active Indicative 1S = "I cast out" (present tense = ongoing activity)
Colossians 1:13 (Transferred INTO the Kingdom)
ὃς ἐρύσατο ἡμᾶς ἐκ τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ σκότους καὶ μετέστησεν εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ Υἱοῦ τῆς ἀγάπης αὐτοῦ
Key words:
- ἐρύσατο = ῥύομαι G4506, Aorist Middle Indicative 3S = "delivered/rescued"
- μετέστησεν = μεθίστημι G3179, Aorist Active Indicative 3S = "transferred/removed"
** CRITICAL: Aorist = completed action. Believers HAVE BEEN transferred into the kingdom. **
** This is present-tense reality for Paul, not future hope. **
- εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν = "into the kingdom" (eis + basileia G932)
- τοῦ Υἱοῦ τῆς ἀγάπης αὐτοῦ = "of the Son of his love" = "of his beloved Son"
Hebrews 12:28 (Receiving a Kingdom)
Διὸ βασιλείαν ἀσάλευτον παραλαμβάνοντες ἔχωμεν χάριν
Key words:
- βασιλείαν ἀσάλευτον = "an unshakable kingdom" (basileia G932 + asaleutos G761)
- παραλαμβάνοντες = παραλαμβάνω G3880, Present Active Participle Nom Pl M = "receiving"
** Present participle = ongoing/continuous reception. Not future-only. **
- ἔχωμεν = ἔχω G2192, Present Active Subjunctive 1P = "let us have"
- χάριν = "grace" (charis G5485)
Revelation 17:8 (Was, Is Not, Yet Is)
τὸ θηρίον ὃ εἶδες ἦν καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν, καὶ μέλλει ἀναβαίνειν ἐκ τῆς ἀβύσσου ... ἦν καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν καὶ παρέσται.
Key words:
- ἦν = εἰμί G1510, Imperfect Active Indicative 3S = "was" (past existence)
- οὐκ ἔστιν = "is not" (Present Active Indicative 3S = present non-existence)
- μέλλει ἀναβαίνειν = μέλλω G3195 + ἀναβαίνω G305, Present Indicative + Present Infinitive = "is about to ascend"
- παρέσται = πάρειμι G3918, Future Middle Indicative 3S = "shall be present/shall come"
** NOTE: KJV "yet is" translates παρέσται which is actually FUTURE tense "shall be present" **
** Three phases: WAS (past) + IS NOT (present) + SHALL BE PRESENT (future) **
** FUT reads: historical Rome (was) -> present gap (is not) -> revived Rome (shall be) **
Galatians 3:28-29 (Neither Jew nor Greek)
Gal 3:28: οὐκ ἔνι Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην, οὐκ ἔνι δοῦλος οὐδὲ ἐλεύθερος, οὐκ ἔνι ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ· πάντες γὰρ ὑμεῖς εἷς ἐστε ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ.
- οὐκ ἔνι = "there is not" (eni G1762, Present Active Indicative 3S)
** Repeated three times for emphasis: not Jew/Greek, not slave/free, not male/female **
- πάντες... εἷς ἐστε = "all... you are one" (Present Active Indicative 2P)
- ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ = "in Christ Jesus"
Gal 3:29: εἰ δὲ ὑμεῖς Χριστοῦ, ἄρα τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ σπέρμα ἐστέ, κατ' ἐπαγγελίαν κληρονόμοι.
- τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ σπέρμα ἐστέ = "you are Abraham's seed" (Present Indicative = current reality)
- κατ' ἐπαγγελίαν κληρονόμοι = "heirs according to the promise"
CRITICAL FOR ISRAEL/CHURCH: Gentile believers ARE Abraham's seed. No ethnic distinction maintained for covenant purposes. This directly challenges the Israel/Church distinction that undergirds FUT gap thesis.
Mark 14:58 (acheiropoietos - Temple Not Made with Hands)
Ἐγὼ καταλύσω τὸν ναὸν τοῦτον τὸν χειροποίητον καὶ διὰ τριῶν ἡμερῶν ἄλλον ἀχειροποίητον οἰκοδομήσω.
- χειροποίητον = χειροποίητος G5499, Accusative Sg M = "made with hands"
- ἀχειροποίητον = ἀχειροποίητος G886, Accusative Sg M = "not made with hands"
** Direct contrast: human-made temple vs divine-made temple **
** Links to Dan 2:34,45 "cut without hands" (di-la' bidayin) **
- καταλύσω = Future Active Indicative 1S = "I will destroy"
- οἰκοδομήσω = Future Active Indicative 1S = "I will build"
Romans 9:21 (Potter/Clay - pelos)
ἢ οὐκ ἔχει ἐξουσίαν ὁ κεραμεὺς τοῦ πηλοῦ ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ φυράματος ποιῆσαι ὃ μὲν εἰς τιμὴν σκεῦος, ὃ δὲ εἰς ἀτιμίαν;
- κεραμεὺς = κεραμεύς G2763 = "potter"
- πηλοῦ = πηλός G4081 = "clay" (Greek pelos)
** NOT SAME as Aramaic chasaph H2635. Different word in a different language. **
** pelos appears in John 9:6,11,14 (mud for blind man's eyes) and Isa 29:16 (LXX) **
** chasaph means "potsherd/baked clay" while pelos means "wet/soft clay/mud" **
- φυράματος = φύραμα G5445 = "lump" (of dough or clay)
- εἰς τιμὴν / εἰς ἀτιμίαν = "for honor / for dishonor"
CRITICAL FOR CLAY ANALYSIS: The Bohr argument linking Rom 9:20-21 to Dan 2 is linguistically unsupported. The Greek word (pelos) and the Aramaic word (chasaph) are from different language families with different semantic ranges.
Luke 20:18 (Stone Grinding - Synoptic Parallel to Mat 21:44)
πᾶς ὁ πεσὼν ἐπ' ἐκεῖνον τὸν λίθον συνθλασθήσεται· ἐφ' ὃν δ' ἂν πέσῃ, λικμήσει αὐτόν.
Key words:
- πᾶς (pas) = G3956, Nominative Sg M = "everyone" (universal scope)
- πεσὼν (peson) = πίπτω G4098, Aorist Active Participle Nom Sg M = "the one having fallen"
- λίθον (lithon) = λίθος G3037, Accusative Sg M = "stone"
- συνθλασθήσεται = συνθλάω G4917, Future Passive Indicative 3S = "will be broken/shattered"
- λικμήσει = λικμάω G3039, Future Active Indicative 3S = "it will grind to powder"
SAME STRUCTURE as Mat 21:44 -- confirms likmao (G3039) chain from LXX Dan 2:44. Luke adds ἐκεῖνον (ekeinon, "that") pointing to a specific, known stone = Dan 2:34.
Acts 4:11 (Stone Rejected by Builders - Peter's Application)
οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ λίθος ὁ ἐξουθενηθεὶς ὑφ' ὑμῶν τῶν οἰκοδόμων, ὁ γενόμενος εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας.
Key words:
- οὗτός ἐστιν = "this is" (demonstrative + Present Indicative = identification formula)
- λίθος = λίθος G3037, Nominative Sg M = "stone"
- ἐξουθενηθεὶς = ἐξουθενέω G1848, Aorist Passive Participle Nom Sg M = "having been set at nought/despised"
** Stronger than ἀποδοκιμάζω in Psa 118:22 LXX -- Peter intensifies the rejection language **
- ὑφ' ὑμῶν τῶν οἰκοδόμων = "by you, the builders" (direct accusation)
- γενόμενος = γίνομαι G1096, Aorist Middle Participle Nom Sg M = "having become"
- εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας = "into head of the corner" (cornerstone)
CRITICAL: Peter explicitly identifies Christ as the stone of Psa 118:22 in the context of his healing ministry = first-advent stone application. The aorist participles (ἐξουθενηθεὶς, γενόμενος) indicate completed action: Christ HAS BEEN rejected AND HAS BECOME the cornerstone.
Revelation 17:12-13 (Ten Kings Who Have Not Yet Received a Kingdom)
Rev 17:12: καὶ τὰ δέκα κέρατα ἃ εἶδες δέκα βασιλεῖς εἰσιν, οἵτινες βασιλείαν οὔπω ἔλαβον, ἀλλὰ ἐξουσίαν ὡς βασιλεῖς μίαν ὥραν λαμβάνουσιν μετὰ τοῦ θηρίου.
Key words:
- δέκα κέρατα = "ten horns" (cf. Dan 7:24)
- δέκα βασιλεῖς εἰσιν = "are ten kings" (Present Indicative = identification)
- οὔπω (oupo) = G3768, Adverb of Negation = "not yet"
- ἔλαβον = λαμβάνω G2983, Aorist Active Indicative 3P = "received"
** οὔπω ἔλαβον = "have not yet received" -- from John's perspective (c. 95 AD) **
** FUT reads: these kings are still future; HIST/PRET reads: "not yet" is relative to John's time **
- βασιλείαν = βασιλεία G932, Accusative Sg F = "a kingdom"
- ἐξουσίαν = ἐξουσία G1849, Accusative Sg F = "authority"
- μίαν ὥραν = "one hour" (brief period)
- λαμβάνουσιν = λαμβάνω G2983, Present Active Indicative 3P = "they receive"
** Present tense for receiving authority vs aorist for not-yet-received kingdom **
- μετὰ τοῦ θηρίου = "with the beast"
NOTE: oupo (G3768) = "not yet" -- from John's temporal perspective. Whether this requires absolute futurity beyond John's era, or simply indicates a phase not yet manifested from his vantage point, is the interpretive question.
Revelation 13:2 (Composite Beast - All Four Beasts Combined)
καὶ τὸ θηρίον ὃ εἶδον ἦν ὅμοιον παρδάλει, καὶ οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὡς ἄρκου, καὶ τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ ὡς στόμα λέοντος. καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ ὁ δράκων τὴν δύναμιν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸν θρόνον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐξουσίαν μεγάλην.
Key words:
- ὅμοιον παρδάλει = "like a leopard" (homoios G3664 + pardalis G3917) = Dan 7:6 Greece
- ὡς ἄρκου = "as of a bear" (arkos G715) = Dan 7:5 Medo-Persia
- ὡς στόμα λέοντος = "as a mouth of a lion" (leon G3023) = Dan 7:4 Babylon
- ἔδωκεν = δίδωμι G1325, Aorist Active Indicative 3S = "gave" (completed transfer)
- ὁ δράκων = "the dragon" (drakon G1404)
- δύναμιν + θρόνον + ἐξουσίαν μεγάλην = "power + throne + great authority"
CRITICAL FOR KA-CHADAH: Rev 13:2's beast composites all four Dan 7 beasts IN REVERSE ORDER (leopard/bear/lion), suggesting all four empire-characteristics coexist in the final beast. FUT argues this explains Dan 2:35's simultaneous destruction -- all metal-DNAs are present in the end-time beast. Counter-argument: this is a Dan 7 argument imported into Dan 2, and the composite nature may describe absorptive succession rather than literal coexistence.
Acts 2:33-36 (Exaltation and Kingdom Inauguration)
Acts 2:33: τῇ δεξιᾷ οὖν τοῦ Θεοῦ ὑψωθεὶς τήν τε ἐπαγγελίαν τοῦ Πνεύματος τοῦ Ἁγίου λαβὼν παρὰ τοῦ Πατρὸς ἐξέχεεν τοῦτο ὃ ὑμεῖς καὶ βλέπετε καὶ ἀκούετε.
Key words:
- τῇ δεξιᾷ τοῦ Θεοῦ = "to/by the right hand of God"
- ὑψωθεὶς = ὑψόω G5312, Aorist Passive Participle Nom Sg M = "having been exalted"
** Aorist = completed exaltation. Christ IS at God's right hand. **
- λαβὼν = λαμβάνω G2983, Aorist Active Participle Nom Sg M = "having received"
- ἐξέχεεν = ἐκχέω G1632, Aorist Active Indicative 3S = "he poured out"
CRITICAL FOR PROGRESSIVE FUT: Peter's Pentecost sermon identifies Jesus as already exalted to God's right hand (Aorist = completed) and already pouring out the Spirit. Progressive dispensationalists cite this as inaugurated-kingdom evidence while maintaining the Israel/Church distinction for a future consummation.
Καὶ ὁ ἕβδομος ἄγγελος ἐσάλπισεν· καὶ ἐγένοντο φωναὶ μεγάλαι ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, λέγοντες Ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ, καὶ βασιλεύσει εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων.
Key words:
- ἐσάλπισεν = σαλπίζω G4537, Aorist Active Indicative 3S = "sounded the trumpet"
- Ἐγένετο = γίνομαι G1096, Aorist Middle Indicative 3S = "became/has become"
** Aorist = the kingdom HAS BECOME -- transition is presented as accomplished **
- ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου = "the kingdom of the world" (singular = world-kingdom)
- τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ = "of our Lord and of his Christ"
- βασιλεύσει = βασιλεύω G936, Future Active Indicative 3S = "he shall reign"
- εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων = "unto the ages of the ages" = "forever and ever"
CRITICAL PARALLEL TO DAN 2:44: "The kingdom of this world has become [the kingdom] of our Lord... and he shall reign forever" directly echoes Dan 2:44's "the God of heaven shall set up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed... it shall stand forever." Cross-testament parallels score: Dan 2:44 -> Rev 11:15 = 0.383 (high). FUT places this at the seventh trumpet (future); HIST/PRET read the seventh trumpet as already sounding or as inaugurated at Christ's ascension.