Raw Hebrew Parsing Data — cmd-07¶

Exodus 20:13¶

לֹ֥֖א תִּֿרְצָֽ֖ח׃ ס

Hebrew          Lemma        Parsing                   Gloss
לֹ֥֖א           לא           Neg.+NAN                  not
תִּֿרְצָֽ֖ח     רצח          Verb.Qal.Impf.2ms         kill

Note: רצח (ratsach) in Qal Imperfect 2ms — "you shall not kill/murder"

Genesis 9:6¶

שֹׁפֵךְ֙ דַּ֣ם הָֽאָדָ֔ם בָּֽאָדָ֖ם דָּמֹ֣ו יִשָּׁפֵ֑ךְ כִּ֚י בְּצֶ֣לֶם אֱלֹהִ֔ים עָשָׂ֖ה אֶת־הָאָדָֽם׃

Hebrew          Lemma        Parsing                   Gloss
שֹׁפֵךְ֙        שׁפך         Verb.Qal.Ptcp.ms.Cst      pour
דַּ֣ם           דם           Noun.ms.Cst               blood
הָֽאָדָ֔ם       אדם          Noun.ms.Abs               human, mankind
בָּֽאָדָ֖ם      אדם          Noun.ms.Abs               human, mankind
דָּמֹ֣ו         דם           Noun.ms.Abs.+3ms          blood
יִשָּׁפֵ֑ךְ     שׁפך         Verb.Niphal.Impf.3ms      pour
כִּ֚י           כי           Conj                      that
בְּצֶ֣לֶם       צלם          Noun.ms.Cst               image
אֱלֹהִ֔ים       אלהים        Noun.mp.Abs               god(s)
עָשָׂ֖ה         עשׂה         Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms         make
אֶת־הָאָדָֽם    אדם          Noun.ms.Abs               human, mankind

Note: שׁפך (shaphak) = "pour/shed" (blood); צלם (tselem) = "image"; Uses different verb than Exo 20:13

Numbers 35:11 — Cities of refuge for unintentional ratsach¶

וְהִקְרִיתֶ֤ם לָכֶם֙ עָרִ֔ים עָרֵ֥י מִקְלָ֖ט תִּהְיֶ֣ינָה לָכֶ֑ם וְנָ֥ס שָׁ֨מָּה֙ רֹצֵ֔חַ מַכֵּה־נֶ֖פֶשׁ בִּשְׁגָגָֽה׃

Key words:
רֹצֵ֔חַ         רצח          Verb.Qal.Ptcp.ms.Abs      kill (= "the slayer/killer")
מַכֵּה          נכה          Verb.Hiphil.Ptcp.ms.Cst   strike (= "striker of")
נֶ֖פֶשׁ         נפשׁ         Noun.fs.Abs               soul
בִּשְׁגָגָֽה    שׁגגה        Noun.fs.Abs               error (= "in/by error")

Note: ratsach is used here as a participle ("the rotseach") for the UNINTENTIONAL killer — "the one who kills a person by error"

Numbers 35:16 — Intentional murder with iron¶

וְאִם־בִּכְלִ֨י בַרְזֶ֧ל הִכָּ֛הוּ וַיָּמֹ֖ת רֹצֵ֣חַֽ ה֑וּא מֹ֥ות יוּמַ֖ת הָרֹצֵֽחַ׃

Key words:
כְלִ֨י          כלי          Noun.ms.Cst               tool (instrument)
בַרְזֶ֧ל        ברזל         Noun.ms.Abs               iron
הִכָּ֛הוּ       נכה          Verb.Hiphil.Perf.3ms.+3ms strike (nakah — he struck him)
וַיָּמֹ֖ת       מות          Verb.Qal.Wayq.3ms         die (muth — and he died)
רֹצֵ֣חַֽ        רצח          Verb.Qal.Ptcp.ms.Abs      kill (= "a murderer he [is]")
מֹ֥ות יוּמַ֖ת   מות          Verb.Qal.InfAbs + Hophal.Impf.3ms  die (emphatic: "dying he shall be put to death")
הָרֹצֵֽחַ       רצח          Verb.Qal.Ptcp.ms.Abs      kill (= "the murderer")

Note: Same word ratsach used for the INTENTIONAL murderer. The distinction is not in the word itself but in context (instrument + death = "murderer").

Numbers 35:17 — Stone killing¶

Key pattern identical to 35:16: nakah (strike) + muth (die) → rotseach (killer/murderer) → moth yumath (must be put to death) → ha-rotseach (the murderer)

Numbers 35:18 — Wood weapon killing¶

Same pattern: nakah + muth → rotseach → moth yumath ha-rotseach

Numbers 35:19 — Avenger of blood¶

גֹּאֵ֣ל הַדָּ֔ם ה֥וּא יָמִ֖ית אֶת־הָרֹצֵ֑חַ

Key words:
גֹּאֵ֣ל         גאל          Verb.Qal.Ptcp.ms.Cst      redeem (= "redeemer of")
הַדָּ֔ם         דם           Noun.ms.Abs               blood (= "the blood")
יָמִ֖ית         מות          Verb.Hiphil.Impf.3ms      die (= "he shall put to death")
אֶת־הָרֹצֵ֑חַ   רצח          Verb.Qal.Ptcp.ms.Abs      kill (= "the rotseach/murderer")

Note: go'el haddam = "redeemer/avenger of blood" — authorized to execute ha-rotseach

Numbers 35:20 — Murder by hatred¶

Key words:
בְּשִׂנְאָ֖ה    שׂנאה        Noun.fs.Abs               hatred
יֶהְדָּפֶ֑נּוּ  הדף          Verb.Qal.Impf.3ms.+3ms    push (= "he pushed him")
בִּצְדִיָּ֖ה    צדיה         Noun.fs.Abs               malicious intent

Note: Hatred (sin'ah) and malicious intent (tsediyyah) are the distinguishing marks of murder vs. accidental killing

Numbers 35:21 — Murder by enmity¶

Key words:
בְאֵיבָ֞ה       איבה         Noun.fs.Abs               enmity
הִכָּ֤הוּ       נכה          Verb.Hiphil.Perf.3ms.+3ms strike
רֹצֵ֣חַֽ ה֑וּא  רצח          Ptcp + pronoun             "a murderer he [is]"

Note: Enmity (eybah) is another marker of intentional murder

Numbers 35:22 — Accidental killing (contrast)¶

Key words:
בְּפֶ֥תַע       פתע          Noun.ms.Abs               instant/suddenly
בְּלֹא־אֵיבָ֖ה  לא + איבה    Neg + Noun                "without enmity"
בְּלֹ֥א צְדִיָּֽה לא + צדיה  Neg + Noun                "without malicious intent"

Note: The ABSENCE of enmity and malicious intent marks the ACCIDENTAL killing — yet the same word ratsach applies to this person (v.11)