Word Studies¶
Hebrew -- Commandment Text Vocabulary¶
shabbath (H7676) -- "Sabbath"¶
Original: שַׁבָּת Transliteration: shabbath Pronunciation: shab-bawth Part of Speech: masculine/feminine noun Occurrences: 108 (BLB count)
Definition: From H7673 (shabath); intermission, i.e. (specifically) the Sabbath -- (every) sabbath.
Translation Distribution (109 total occurrences): - "the sabbath" -- 42 (38.5%) - "my sabbaths" -- 14 (12.8%) - "on the sabbath" -- 11 (10.1%) - "a sabbath" -- 7 (6.4%) - "sabbath" -- 6 (5.5%) - Other forms -- 29 (26.6%)
Key Occurrences in Study Scope: - Exo 20:8,10,11 (the commandment text) - Exo 16:23,25,26,29 (pre-Sinai manna test) - Gen 2:2-3 (root verb shabath used, not the noun) - Deu 5:12,14,15 (Deuteronomy parallel) - Isa 56:2,4,6; 58:13; 66:23 (prophetic Sabbath)
shabath (H7673) -- "to cease/rest" (verb)¶
Original: שָׁבַת Transliteration: shabath Pronunciation: shaw-bath Part of Speech: verb Occurrences: 71 (BLB count)
Definition: A primitive root; to repose, i.e. desist from exertion; used in many implied relations -- (cause to, let, make to) cease, celebrate, cause (make) to fail, keep (sabbath), suffer to be lacking, leave, put away (down), (make to) rest, rid, still, take away.
Translation Distribution (110 total occurrences): - "to cease" -- 19 (17.3%) - "cease/ceased/shall cease/ceaseth" -- 17 (15.5%) - "rest/rested" -- 7 (6.4%) - Causative forms ("cause to cease," "make to cease") -- 15+ occurrences - Other forms -- remaining
Critical Occurrence -- Gen 2:2-3: - Gen 2:2: vayyishbot (Qal Wayyiqtol 3ms) -- "and he ceased/rested" - Gen 2:3: shavat (Qal Perfect 3ms) -- "he had ceased/rested"
This is the ROOT VERB from which the noun shabbath (H7676) derives. God's action at creation -- ceasing from work -- is the etymological and theological foundation of the Sabbath institution.
shabbathown (H7677) -- "sabbatism/rest"¶
Original: שַׁבָּתוֹן Transliteration: shabbathown Pronunciation: shab-baw-thone Part of Speech: masculine noun Occurrences: 11 (BLB count)
Definition: From H7676; a sabbatism or special holiday -- rest, sabbath.
Translation Distribution: - "of rest" -- 7 (63.6%) - "a sabbath" -- 3 (27.3%) - "the rest" -- 1 (9.1%)
Occurrences: - Exo 16:23 (pre-Sinai: "the rest of the holy sabbath") - Exo 31:15; 35:2 ("sabbath of rest, holy to the LORD") - Lev 16:31; 23:3,24,32,39 (feast and weekly sabbaths) - Lev 25:4,5 (sabbatical year)
Note: This intensified form appears in both weekly Sabbath contexts and annual feast contexts, indicating the concept of intensified rest.
zakar (H2142) -- "remember"¶
Original: זָכַר Transliteration: zakar Pronunciation: zaw-kar Part of Speech: verb Occurrences: 233 (BLB count)
Definition: A primitive root; properly, to mark (so as to be recognized), i.e. to remember; by implication, to mention; to be male -- burn (incense), earnestly, be male, (make) mention (of), be mindful, recount, record(-er), remember, make to be remembered, bring (call, come, keep, put) to (in) remembrance, still, think on, well.
Translation Distribution (279 total occurrences): - "Remember" -- 34 (12.2%) - "remember" -- 25 (9.0%) - "remembered" -- 19 (6.8%) - "be remembered" -- 7 (2.5%) - Other forms -- remaining
Critical Usage in Exo 20:8: The form is zakor (Qal Infinitive Absolute), functioning as an imperative. The infinitive absolute form carries particular force -- it is emphatic. "Remember" does not merely mean "recall to mind" but "keep in mind continually, be mindful of."
Contrast with Deu 5:12: Deuteronomy uses shamar (H8104, "keep/guard") instead of zakar. The Exodus version says "remember"; Deuteronomy says "keep/observe." These are complementary: remember (internal attitude) and keep (external action).
qadash (H6942) -- "sanctify/hallow"¶
Original: קָדַשׁ Transliteration: qadash Pronunciation: kaw-dash Part of Speech: verb Occurrences: 172 (BLB count)
Definition: A primitive root; to be (causatively, make, pronounce or observe as) clean (ceremonially or morally) -- appoint, bid, consecrate, dedicate, defile, hallow, (be, keep) holy(-er, place), keep, prepare, proclaim, purify, sanctify(-ied one, self), wholly.
Usage in Key Sabbath Texts: - Gen 2:3 -- vayqaddesh (Piel Wayyiqtol 3ms): "and he sanctified it" -- God's action at creation - Exo 20:8 -- leqaddesho (Piel Infinitive Construct + 3ms suffix): "to keep it holy" -- man's purpose - Exo 20:11 -- vayqaddeshahu (Piel Wayyiqtol 3ms + 3ms suffix): "and hallowed it" -- God's action recounted - Deu 5:12 -- leqaddesho (Piel Infinitive Construct + 3ms suffix): "to sanctify it" -- man's purpose
The Piel stem is causative/intensive: God actively SET APART the seventh day, making it qualitatively different from the other six. The same verb appears in both the creation account (Gen 2:3) and the commandment (Exo 20:8,11), creating a direct linguistic link.
barak (H1288) -- "bless"¶
Original: בָּרַךְ Transliteration: barak Pronunciation: baw-rak Part of Speech: verb Occurrences: 330 (BLB count)
Definition: A primitive root; to kneel; by implication to bless God (as an act of adoration), and (vice-versa) man (as a benefit); also (by euphemism) to curse -- abundantly, altogether, at all, blaspheme, bless, congratulate, curse, greatly, indeed, kneel (down), praise, salute, still, thank.
Usage in Key Sabbath Texts: - Gen 2:3 -- vayvarekh (Piel Wayyiqtol 3ms): "and God blessed" the seventh day - Exo 20:11 -- berakh (Piel Perfect 3ms): "the LORD blessed the sabbath day"
God performed TWO actions on the seventh day: He blessed it (barak) and He sanctified it (qadash). Both actions are attributed to God Himself at creation, before any human institution.
melakah (H4399) -- "work/labor"¶
Original: מְלָאכָה Transliteration: melakah Pronunciation: mel-aw-kaw Part of Speech: feminine noun Occurrences: 167 (BLB count)
Definition: Properly, deputyship, i.e. ministry; generally, employment (never servile) or work (abstractly or concretely); also property (as the result of labor) -- business, cattle, industrious, occupation, (-pied), officer, thing (made), use, (manner of) work((-man), -manship).
Translation Distribution (175 total occurrences): - "work" -- 43 (24.6%) - "the work" -- 40 (22.9%) - "business" -- 6 (3.4%) - Other forms -- remaining
Significance: This is the word used in the commandment for what is prohibited: "thou shalt not do any melakah" (Exo 20:10). It is NOT avodah (H5656, servile labor) but melakah -- a broader term for productive labor, business, occupation. The same word describes God's creative work in Gen 2:2-3: "his melakah which he had made."
ger (H1616) -- "sojourner/stranger"¶
Original: גֵּר Transliteration: ger Pronunciation: gare Part of Speech: masculine noun Occurrences: 92 (BLB count)
Definition: From H1481; properly, a guest; by implication, a foreigner -- alien, sojourner, stranger.
Translation Distribution (95 total occurrences): - "a stranger" -- 15 (15.8%) - "the stranger" -- 11 (11.6%) - "the strangers" -- 9 (9.5%) - "strangers" -- 6 (6.3%) - Other forms -- remaining
Critical Usage in Commandment: - Exo 20:10: "nor thy stranger [ger] that [is] within thy gates" - Deu 5:14: "nor thy stranger [ger] that [is] within thy gates" - Exo 23:12: "the stranger [ger] may be refreshed"
The ger is a technical legal term for a resident alien -- a non-Israelite living among Israelites. Its inclusion IN the Decalogue commandment text itself (not just in subsidiary legislation) indicates that the Sabbath rest extends beyond ethnic Israel. The ger occurs 92 times in the OT, with significant legal protections and obligations.
Contrast with nekar (H5236): See below. Isaiah 56 uses a different term, suggesting an even broader scope.
sha'ar (H8179) -- "gate"¶
Original: שַׁעַר Transliteration: sha'ar Pronunciation: shah-ar Part of Speech: masculine noun Occurrences: 371 (BLB count)
Definition: From H8176 in its original sense; an opening, i.e. door or gate -- city, door, gate, port(-er).
Usage: "Within thy gates" (bishearekha) is an idiom meaning "within your community/jurisdiction." The gates were the place of legal authority and public assembly (cf. Ruth 4:1; Deu 21:19). "Thy stranger within thy gates" means the foreigner residing under your jurisdiction.
Hebrew -- Related Concepts¶
nekar (H5236) -- "foreign/foreigner"¶
Original: נֵכָר Transliteration: nekar Pronunciation: nay-kawr Part of Speech: masculine noun Occurrences: 35 (BLB count)
Definition: Foreign, or (concretely) a foreigner, or (abstractly) heathendom -- alien, strange(-er).
Translation Distribution (36 total occurrences): - "strange" -- 7 (19.4%) - "the strange" -- 6 (16.7%) - "stranger/strangers" -- 7 (19.4%) - Other forms -- remaining
Critical Usage in Isaiah 56: - Isa 56:3: "the son of the stranger" (ben-nekar) -- foreigner - Isa 56:6: "the sons of the stranger" (bene ha-nekar) -- foreigners
This is a DIFFERENT Hebrew word from ger (H1616). While ger denotes a resident alien already living among Israel, nekar denotes a foreigner -- someone from outside, potentially with no prior connection to Israel. Isaiah 56 uses nekar, suggesting that God's invitation extends even beyond the resident alien to include those who are ethnically and culturally foreign. This represents a broader scope than the commandment text's ger.
Greek -- NT Vocabulary¶
sabbaton (G4521) -- "Sabbath"¶
Original: σάββατον Transliteration: sabbaton Pronunciation: sab-bat-on Part of Speech: neuter noun Occurrences: 68 (BLB count)
Definition: Of Hebrew origin (H7676); the Sabbath (i.e. Shabbath), or day of weekly repose.
Translation Distribution (55 total occurrences in KJV): - "sabbath" -- 19 (34.5%) - "sabbath day" -- 13 (23.6%) - "sabbath days" -- 7 (12.7%) - "of the week" -- 4 (7.3%) - "week" -- 3 (5.5%) - Other forms -- 9 (16.4%)
Key NT Occurrences: - Mat 12:1,2,5,8,12; 24:20; 28:1 - Mrk 2:23,27,28; 3:2,4; 6:2; 15:42; 16:1,2,9 - Luk 4:16,31; 6:1,5,7,9; 13:14,16; 14:1,3,5; 23:56; 24:1 - Jhn 5:9,16,18; 7:22,23; 9:14,16; 19:31; 20:1,19 - Act 1:12; 13:14,27,42,44; 15:21; 16:13; 17:2; 18:4; 20:7 - Col 2:16
sabbatismos (G4520) -- "sabbath-keeping"¶
Original: σαββατισμός Transliteration: sabbatismos Pronunciation: sab-bat-is-mos Part of Speech: masculine noun Occurrences: 1 (HAPAX LEGOMENON -- only occurrence in NT)
Definition: From a derivative of G4521; a "sabbatism," i.e. (figuratively) the repose of Christianity (as a type of heaven).
The SOLE occurrence: Hebrews 4:9
"There remaineth therefore a rest [sabbatismos] to the people of God."
The author of Hebrews uses katapausis (G2663, "rest") throughout chapters 3-4 (8 times: Heb 3:11,18; 4:1,3,5,10,11) but switches to sabbatismos specifically in 4:9. The -ismos suffix in Greek denotes an ACTION or PRACTICE (cf. baptismos = act of baptizing). This word means "a Sabbath-keeping" or "a sabbath-observance," not merely "rest" in a general sense.
anthropos (G444) -- "man/humanity"¶
Original: ἄνθρωπος Transliteration: anthropos Pronunciation: anth-ro-pos Part of Speech: masculine noun Occurrences: 559 (BLB count)
Definition: Man-faced, i.e. a human being -- certain, man.
Translation Distribution (487 total KJV occurrences): - "man" -- 133 (27.3%) - "men" -- 115 (23.6%) - "of man" -- 80 (16.4%) - "a man" -- 45 (9.2%) - "of men" -- 42 (8.6%) - Other forms -- remaining
Critical Usage in Mark 2:27: Greek text: Τὸ σάββατον διὰ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐγένετο, καὶ οὐχ ὁ ἄνθρωπος διὰ τὸ σάββατον "The Sabbath was made on account of THE MAN, and not THE MAN on account of the Sabbath"
The article (ton/ho) with anthropos is GENERIC -- "the man" = "humanity as a category." Jesus does NOT use: - Ioudaios (G2453, "Jew/Jewish") - Israelites - Any ethnically specific term
He uses anthropos -- the most generic word for "human being" in Greek. This is significant because it connects to the creation basis: the Sabbath was made for humanity at creation (Gen 2:2-3), not for a specific ethnic group at Sinai.
Greek Parsing (from Mark 2:27): - τὸν ἄνθρωπον: Accusative Singular Masculine (object of διά) - ὁ ἄνθρωπος: Nominative Singular Masculine (subject)
katapausis (G2663) -- "rest"¶
Original: κατάπαυσις Transliteration: katapausis Pronunciation: kat-ap-ow-sis Part of Speech: feminine noun Occurrences: 9 (BLB count)
Definition: From G2664; reposing down, i.e. (by Hebraism) abode -- rest.
Translation: "rest" in all 9 occurrences.
Occurrences: Psa 94:11; 95:11; Act 7:49; Heb 3:11,18; 4:1,3,5,10
Significance for Sabbath study: The author of Hebrews uses katapausis throughout Heb 3-4 for "rest" in general, but switches to sabbatismos (G4520) in Heb 4:9. This deliberate change in vocabulary indicates that the "rest" remaining for God's people in 4:9 is specifically a Sabbath-rest, not just rest in a general sense. The switch from katapausis to sabbatismos is a key datum for the analysis agent.
Hebrew Parsing -- Commandment Text (Exo 20:8-11)¶
Exodus 20:8¶
Hebrew: זָכֹ֛ור֩ אֶת־יֹ֥֨ום הַשַּׁבָּ֖֜ת לְקַדְּשֹֽׁ֗ו Clause: "Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy"
| Word | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| zakor | zakar (H2142) | Verb.Qal.InfAbs | remember |
| et | et | Prep | (object marker) |
| yom | yom | Noun.ms.Cst | day |
| ha | ha | Article | the |
| shabbat | shabbat (H7676) | Noun.s.Abs | sabbath |
| le | le | Prep | to |
| qaddesho | qadash (H6942) | Verb.Piel.InfCon + 3ms | keep it holy |
Notes: The opening verb zakor is an Infinitive Absolute used as an imperative -- the most emphatic form of command. The purpose clause leqaddesho ("to sanctify it") is a Piel infinitive construct, indicating the PURPOSE of remembering: to set the day apart as holy.
Exodus 20:9¶
Hebrew: שֵׁ֤֣שֶׁת יָמִ֣ים֙ תַּֽעֲבֹ֔ד֮ וְעָשִׂ֖֣יתָ כָּל־מְלַאכְתֶּֽךָ Clause: "Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work"
| Word | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| sheshet | shesh | Noun.fs.Cst | six |
| yamim | yom | Noun.mp.Abs | days |
| ta'avod | avad (H5647) | Verb.Qal.Impf.2ms | work, serve |
| ve'asita | asah (H6213) | Verb.Qal.Perf.2ms | make/do |
| kol | kol | Noun.ms.Cst | all |
| melakhtkha | melakah (H4399) | Noun.fs.Abs + 2ms | your work |
Notes: The six-day work clause is both permission and structure: six days are FOR working. This establishes the rhythm before the prohibition.
Exodus 20:10¶
Hebrew: וְיֹ֨ום֙ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔֜י שַׁבָּ֖֣ת לַיהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑֗יךָ... Clause: "But the seventh day [is] the sabbath of the LORD thy God: [in it] thou shalt not do any work..."
| Word | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| veyom | yom | Noun.ms.Cst | and day |
| hashevi'i | shevi'i | Adj.ms.Abs | the seventh |
| shabbat | shabbat (H7676) | Noun.s.Abs | sabbath |
| laYHWH | YHWH | PropN + prep | to/of the LORD |
| eloheykha | elohim | Noun.mp + 2ms | your God |
| lo | lo | Neg | not |
| ta'aseh | asah | Verb.Qal.Impf.2ms | make/do |
| khol | kol | Noun.ms.Cst | any |
| melakhah | melakah (H4399) | Noun.fs.Abs | work |
| attah | attah | PersPron.2ms | you |
| uvinekha | ben | Noun.ms + 2ms | and your son |
| uvittekha | bat | Noun.fs + 2ms | and your daughter |
| avdekha | eved | Noun.ms + 2ms | your servant |
| va'amathekha | amah | Noun.fs + 2ms | and your maidservant |
| uvhemtekha | behemah | Noun.fs + 2ms | and your cattle |
| vegerekha | ger (H1616) | Noun.ms + 2ms | and your sojourner |
| asher | asher | Conj | who/that |
| bish'areykha | sha'ar (H8179) | Noun.mp + 2ms | in your gates |
Notes: The enumeration is comprehensive and descending: you, your children, your servants, your animals, your resident alien. The ger (sojourner) is the LAST human category listed, extending the Sabbath rest to the non-Israelite within the community.
Exodus 20:11¶
Hebrew: כִּ֣י שֵֽׁשֶׁת־יָמִים֩ עָשָׂ֨ה יְהוָ֜ה... וַיָּ֖נַח בַּיֹּ֣ום הַשְּׁבִיעִ֑י עַל־כֵּ֗ן בֵּרַ֧ךְ יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־יֹ֥ום הַשַּׁבָּ֖ת וַֽיְקַדְּשֵֽׁהוּ Clause: "For [in] six days the LORD made heaven and earth... and rested the seventh day: wherefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it"
| Word | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| ki | ki | Conj | for/because |
| sheshet yamim | shesh + yom | Noun.fs.Cst + mp.Abs | six days |
| asah | asah | Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms | made |
| YHWH | YHWH | PropN | the LORD |
| et-hashamayim | shamayim | Noun.mp.Abs | the heavens |
| ve'et-ha'arets | erets | Noun.s.Abs | and the earth |
| et-hayyam | yam | Noun.ms.Abs | the sea |
| ve'et-kol-asher-bam | kol + asher | and all that in them [is] | |
| vayyanach | nuach (H5117) | Verb.Qal.Wayq.3ms | and rested |
| bayyom hashevi'i | yom + shevi'i | on the seventh day | |
| al-ken | al + ken | Prep + Adv | therefore |
| berakh | barak (H1288) | Verb.Piel.Perf.3ms | blessed |
| YHWH | YHWH | PropN | the LORD |
| et-yom hashabbat | yom + shabbat | the sabbath day | |
| vayqaddeshahu | qadash (H6942) | Verb.Piel.Wayq.3ms + 3ms | and hallowed it |
Notes: The verb for "rested" here is nuach (H5117, "to settle, rest"), not shabath (H7673, "to cease") as in Gen 2:2-3. The reasoning clause (ki... al-ken) explicitly grounds the commandment in creation: BECAUSE God made everything in six days and rested on the seventh, THEREFORE He blessed and hallowed it. This is the commandment's own stated reason.
Hebrew Parsing -- Deuteronomy 5:12 Comparison¶
Deuteronomy 5:12¶
Hebrew: שָׁמֹ֣֛ור אֶת־יֹ֥ום֩ הַשַּׁבָּ֖֨ת לְקַדְּשֹׁ֑֜ו כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוְּךָ֖֣ יְהוָ֥֣ה אֱלֹהֶֽ֗יךָ
| Word | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| shamor | shamar (H8104) | Verb.Qal.InfAbs | keep/guard |
| et-yom hashabbat | the sabbath day | ||
| leqaddesho | qadash | Verb.Piel.InfCon + 3ms | to sanctify it |
| ka'asher | ka + asher | Prep + Conj | as |
| tsivvekha | tsavah | Verb.Piel.Perf.3ms + 2ms | commanded you |
| YHWH eloheykha | the LORD your God |
Key Difference: "Keep" (shamar, Qal InfAbs) vs. "Remember" (zakar, Qal InfAbs). Both are infinitive absolutes used as emphatic imperatives. Deuteronomy adds "as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee," referencing the prior giving of the commandment at Sinai.
Deuteronomy 5:15¶
Hebrew: וְזָכַרְתָּ֞ כִּי עֶבֶד הָיִיתָ בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם... עַל־כֵּן צִוְּךָ יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לַעֲשׂוֹת אֶת־יוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת
| Word | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| vezakharta | zakar | Verb.Qal.Perf.2ms | and remember |
| ki | ki | Conj | that |
| eved | eved | Noun.ms.Abs | servant |
| hayita | hayah | Verb.Qal.Perf.2ms | you were |
| be'erets mitsrayim | in the land of Egypt | ||
| vayyotsi'akha | yatsa | Verb.Hiphil.Wayq.3ms + 2ms | and brought you out |
| YHWH eloheykha | the LORD your God | ||
| misham | sham | Adv | from there |
| beyad chazaqah | yad + chazaq | with mighty hand | |
| uvizroa netuyah | zeroa + natah | and outstretched arm | |
| al-ken | therefore | ||
| tsivvekha | tsavah | Verb.Piel.Perf.3ms + 2ms | commanded you |
| YHWH eloheykha | the LORD your God | ||
| la'asot | asah | Verb.Qal.InfCon | to do/observe |
| et-yom hashabbat | the sabbath day |
Key Difference: Deu 5:15 provides a SECOND rationale: deliverance from Egypt. While Exo 20:11 grounds the Sabbath in CREATION, Deu 5:15 grounds it in REDEMPTION. The verb zakar also appears here ("remember that thou wast a servant"), but as a standard Qal perfect, not as the emphatic infinitive absolute opening word.
Hebrew Parsing -- Creation Text (Gen 2:2-3)¶
Genesis 2:2¶
| Word | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| vaykal | kalah | Verb.Piel.Wayq.3ms | and completed |
| elohim | elohim | Noun.mp.Abs | God |
| bayyom hashevi'i | yom + shevi'i | on the seventh day | |
| melakhto | melakah | Noun.fs + 3ms | his work |
| asher asah | asher + asah | which he had made | |
| vayyishbot | shabath (H7673) | Verb.Qal.Wayq.3ms | and he ceased |
| bayyom hashevi'i | on the seventh day | ||
| mikkol-melakhto | kol + melakah | from all his work | |
| asher asah | which he had made |
Genesis 2:3¶
| Word | Lemma | Parsing | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| vayvarekh | barak (H1288) | Verb.Piel.Wayq.3ms | and blessed |
| elohim | elohim | Noun.mp.Abs | God |
| et-yom hashevi'i | the seventh day | ||
| vayqaddesh | qadash (H6942) | Verb.Piel.Wayq.3ms | and sanctified |
| oto | et + 3ms | it | |
| ki | ki | Conj | because |
| vo | be + 3ms | Prep | in it |
| shavat | shabath (H7673) | Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms | he had ceased |
| mikkol-melakhto | from all his work | ||
| asher-bara | bara | Verb.Qal.Perf.3ms | which he created |
| elohim | elohim | Noun.mp.Abs | God |
| la'asot | asah | Verb.Qal.InfCon | to make |
Three divine actions on the seventh day: 1. shabath -- He ceased/rested (Qal Wayyiqtol, narrative sequence) 2. barak -- He blessed (Piel Wayyiqtol, causative/intensive) 3. qadash -- He sanctified (Piel Wayyiqtol, causative/intensive)
Greek Parsing -- Mark 2:27-28¶
Mark 2:27¶
Greek: καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Τὸ σάββατον διὰ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐγένετο, καὶ οὐχ ὁ ἄνθρωπος διὰ τὸ σάββατον
| Word | Lemma | Strong's | Parsing |
|---|---|---|---|
| kai | kai | G2532 | CONJ |
| elegen | lego | G3004 | V-IAI-3S (Impf Act Ind 3rd Sg) |
| autois | autos | G846 | P-DPM (Dat Pl M) |
| To | ho | G3588 | T-NSN (Nom Sg N -- article) |
| sabbaton | sabbaton | G4521 | N-NSN (Nom Sg N) |
| dia | dia | G1223 | PREP |
| ton | ho | G3588 | T-ASM (Acc Sg M -- article) |
| anthropon | anthropos | G444 | N-ASM (Acc Sg M) |
| egeneto | ginomai | G1096 | V-2ADI-3S (Aor Mid Ind 3rd Sg) |
| kai | kai | G2532 | CONJ |
| ouch | ou | G3756 | PRT-N (negative particle) |
| ho | ho | G3588 | T-NSM (Nom Sg M -- article) |
| anthropos | anthropos | G444 | N-NSM (Nom Sg M) |
| dia | dia | G1223 | PREP |
| to | ho | G3588 | T-ASN (Acc Sg N -- article) |
| sabbaton | sabbaton | G4521 | N-ASN (Acc Sg N) |
Key observations: - egeneto (aorist middle of ginomai): "was made/came into being" -- points to a specific past act of creation - dia + accusative (ton anthropon): "on account of, for the sake of" -- the Sabbath exists FOR humanity - The article with anthropos (ton/ho): GENERIC use -- "the man" = humanity as a class, not a specific individual
Mark 2:28¶
Greek: ὥστε κύριός ἐστιν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καὶ τοῦ σαββάτου
| Word | Lemma | Strong's | Parsing |
|---|---|---|---|
| hoste | hoste | G5620 | CONJ ("so that, therefore") |
| kurios | kurios | G2962 | N-NSM (Nom Sg M) -- "Lord" |
| estin | eimi | G1510 | V-PAI-3S (Pres Act Ind 3rd Sg) |
| ho | ho | G3588 | T-NSM (article) |
| Huios | huios | G5207 | N-NSM -- "Son" |
| tou | ho | G3588 | T-GSM (Gen Sg M) |
| anthropou | anthropos | G444 | N-GSM (Gen Sg M) -- "of man" |
| kai | kai | G2532 | CONJ |
| tou | ho | G3588 | T-GSN (Gen Sg N) |
| sabbatou | sabbaton | G4521 | N-GSN (Gen Sg N) -- "of the Sabbath" |
Key observations: - hoste ("therefore"): The conclusion drawn from v.27 -- because the Sabbath was made for man, therefore... - kurios: "Lord" -- a title of authority and ownership - tou sabbatou: genitive -- "of the Sabbath" -- the Son of man has authority OVER the Sabbath - The Son of man claims lordship over the Sabbath, not abolition of it
Prior Law Series Database Findings¶
From law-study.db (top matches):¶
- law-31 (Comprehensive Synthesis): "The explicit and necessary-implication evidence uniformly supports the seventh-day Sabbath's continuation: creation origin (Gen 2:2-3), Decalogue inclusion (Exo 20:8-11), Jesus's habitual practice (Luk 4:16), apostolic practice (Act 13:14; 16:13; 17:2; 18:4), women resting 'according to the commandment' (Luk 23:56), Jesus's future expectation (Mat 24:20), and Hebrews's 'sabbatismos remains' (Heb 4:9)."
- law-25 (Sabbath: Moral or Ceremonial): "The text states the Sabbath was instituted at creation before sin, before Israel, before any ceremonial system (Gen 2:2-3)."
- law-27 (Sabbath Still in Effect): E+N tally: 219 Continues, 0 Abolished. All abolition arguments exist at inference tier only.
- law-24 (Weekly vs. Ceremonial Sabbaths): Demonstrated the Bible distinguishes weekly shabbath from annual moadim.
From law-evidence.db (key Sabbath-related items):¶
- I141 (I-B, Abolished): Col 2:16 sabbath days includes the weekly Sabbath
- I086 (I-A, Continues): Jesus's Sabbath healings constitute reform, not abolition
- I144 (I-D, Abolished): ALL sabbaths including weekly are part of abolished ceremonial system
- N117 (N, Continues): Numbers 28-29 treats Sabbath offering as distinct category
- E335 (E, Continues): Isaiah 58:13 states God's standard for Sabbath observance
- I088 (I-D, Abolished): "Lord of the Sabbath" means Jesus has authority to abolish it
- I151 (I-A, Continues): The seventh-day Sabbath is still binding
From cmd-evidence.db:¶
No direct Sabbath entries found yet in the cmd-series database (this is the first cmd-series study addressing the Sabbath).