Raw Grammar Reference Output¶

All output from semantic_grammar.py for the Johannine authorship study.

Search: "Revelation solecism nominative" (--greek)¶

[1] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.45 [score: 0.639]¶

"A large part of our task in this chapter is to unpack the N-Ng construction. c. Antithetical possibilities. Unlike the nominative and vocative cases (whose structural clues are generally sufficient to show which usage is involved), the genitive case typically requires a nuanced examination of context..."

[2] BDF, Greek Grammar of the NT, p.110 [score: 0.626] -- CRITICAL¶

"Revelation exhibits a quantity of striking solecisms which are based especially on inattention to agreement (a rough style), in contrast to the rest of the NT and to the other writings ascribed to John: (1) An appositional phrase (or circumstantial participle) is often found in the nominative..."

[3] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.39 [score: 0.524]¶

"This use of the nominative is actually a subcategory of the nominative for vocative. However, we treat it separately and make this (somewhat) arbitrary distinction: nominative of exclamation will not be used in direct address."

[4] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.36 [score: 0.516]¶

"Grammatically Independent Uses of the Nominative. Some grammars include nominative absolute, independent nominative, parenthetic nominative, and the nominativus pendens (pendent nom.) under this broad category without making any further refinement. However, not only should some..."

[5] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.30 [score: 0.515]¶

"seen in the book of Revelation (61-64) are sufficiently rare that the average intermediate Greek student can ignore them. The breakdown is as follows. Of the 24,618 nominatives in the NT, 32% are nouns (7794), 24% are articles (6009), 19% are participles (4621), 13% are pronouns (3145), and 12%..."

Search: "Semitic influence Greek New Testament" (--greek)¶

[1] Machen, NT Greek For Beginners, p.16 [score: 0.745]¶

"Undoubtedly the language of the New Testament is no artificial language of books, and no Jewish-Greek jargon, but the natural, living language of the period. But the Semitic influence should not be underestimated. The New Testament writers were nearly all Jews, and all of them were strongly inf..."

[2] Machen, NT Greek For Beginners, p.15 [score: 0.683]¶

"is concerned the writings of the group belong together. Where, then, within the development of the Koine is this whole group to be placed? It has always been observed that the language of the New Testament differs strikingly from the great Attic prose writers such as Thucydides o..."

[3] Duff, Elements of NT Greek, p.301 [score: 0.671]¶

"The Elements of New Testament Greek"

[4] BDF, Greek Grammar of the NT, p.39 [score: 0.646]¶

"It is important, therefore, to guard against two opposing errors: not everything which conforms to Semitic idiom is a Semitism, nor is everything which appears somewhere or sometime in Greek..."

[5] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.22 [score: 0.633]¶

"By its very nature, one would not expect to find many parallels to this -- either in the papyri (usually the language of uneducated people) or among literary authors (for theirs is a written language). d. Atticistic (e.g., Lucian, Dionysius of Halicarnasus, Dio Chrysostom, Aristides, Phrynichus, ..."

Search: "historic present tense narrative" (--greek)¶

[1] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.228 [score: 0.553]¶

"7. Historical Present (Dramatic Present). The historical present is used fairly frequently in narrative literature to describe a past event. The reason for the use of the historical present is normally to portray an event vividly, as though the reader..."

[2] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.233 [score: 0.536]¶

"In Greek, however, the tenses of the original utterance are retained in the indirect discourse. The present tense is one of these. This usage is common, especially in the Gospels and Acts. This use of the present tense is not, technically, a syntactical category. That is to say, the present tense..."

[3] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.228 [score: 0.499]¶

"So BDF, 167 (321); Robertson, Grammar, 867 (though he says that some instances are equal to an imperfect); Fanning, Verbal Aspect, 227-31. If the nontemporal view of tense were true, we would expect the aspect to be in full flower. Porter argues that this is..."

[4] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.228 [score: 0.496]¶

"Because the historical present occurs primarily in narrative, it is natural that it is used only in the third person."

[5] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.219 [score: 0.488]¶

"This illustrates the fact that an author often has a choice in the tense he uses and that portrayal is not the same as reality. For example: Mark 12:41 plousioi eballon polla. The imperfect is used because the scene is in progress."

Search: "genitive absolute construction" (--greek)¶

[1] Duff, Elements of NT Greek, p.244 [score: 0.679]¶

"The genitive absolute is a noun with a participle agreeing with it which is 'separated off' from the rest of the sentence (this is what 'absolute' means, from the Latin ab-solutus -- 'separated off' -- it has nothing to do with 'absolutely'). This separation is in meaning -- the noun does not have a place..."

[2] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.63 [score: 0.571]¶

"Illustrations: John 18:16 ho mathetes ho allos ho gnostos tou archieros. Rom 8:33 tis egkalesei kata eklekton theou?"

[3] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.59 [score: 0.528]¶

"Verbal Genitive (i.e., Genitive Related to a Verbal Noun). The subjective, objective, and plenary genitives are used with head nouns that involve a verbal idea..."

[4] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.45 [score: 0.525]¶

"Learning the genitive uses well pays big dividends. It has a great deal of exegetical significance, far more so than any of the other cases, because it is capable of a wide variety of interpretations."

[5] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.285 [score: 0.515]¶

"The Participle Absolute. In this final section on participles, we will be dealing with participles that occur in particular case constructions (known as nominative absolute and genitive absolute). These participles do, however, fit under the above two broad categories..."

Search: "nominative pendens hanging nominative" (--greek)¶

[1] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.36 [score: 0.609]¶

"Grammatically Independent Uses of the Nominative. Some grammars include nominative absolute, independent nominative, parenthetic nominative, and the nominativus pendens (pendent nom.) under this broad category without making any further refinement. However, not only should some..."

[2] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.36 [score: 0.554]¶

"Illustrations: Rom 1:1 Paulos doulos Christou Iesou. Rev 1:1 Apokalupsis Iesou Christou..."

[3] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.286 [score: 0.529]¶

"it is called 'nominative absolute,' it is not to be confused with the case category of nominative absolute. To refresh your memory, the nominativus pendens (pendent nominative) 'consists in the enunciation of the logical (not grammatical) subject at the beginning of the sentence, followed by a sentence..."

[4] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.39 [score: 0.518]¶

"This use of the nominative is actually a subcategory of the nominative for vocative. However, we treat it separately..."

[5] Wallace, Basics of NT Syntax, p.37 [score: 0.464]¶

"dant to name the noun again. A helpful key to testing whether a certain nom. is pendent is the question: Can I translate the nom. at the beginning of the clause, 'With reference to...'? c. Illustrations: Rev 3:12 ho nikon poieso auton stulon. The one who overcomes: I will make him a pillar..."

Key finding: Wallace explicitly cites REV 3:12 as an example of nominativus pendens -- "ho nikon poieso auton stulon" (the one who overcomes: I will make him a pillar). This is a named grammatical construction, not necessarily an error. REV 1:1 is also cited as an illustration of the independent nominative.